Fdi In The Indian Aviation Industry Tourism Essays

Fdi In The Indian Aviation Industry Tourism Essays Fdi In The Indian Aviation Industry Tourism Essay Fdi In The Indian Aviation Industry Tourism Essay The premier intent of this undertaking was to understand the direction schemes employed in the low cost aircraft bearer concern, every bit good as to reply some inquiries related to this industry like ; how has the recent economic lag affected this industry? Why is it that some companies have fared better than the remainder? Are the Indian LCC industry criterions different from that in other states? The recent Kingfisher debacle will besides be scrutinized. How and what could they ( Kingfisher ) have done otherwise in footings of concern schemes? Are at that place any heuristics that can be applied to the industry in India in general? Scope The range of this undertaking was limited to the LCC operations in India, with some mentions being drawn from international operators every bit good. The primary purpose was to analyze the concern schemes employed in the industry, furthermore an thorough survey of the full LCC operations, globally and their concern schemes were non executable in the given clip frame. DATA COLLECTION METHOD The primary beginning of information was information from some beginnings in the air power industry. The chronologically collated files contained all the information about the companies, their fiscal minutess, balance sheets and gross informations. Apart from this, some treatments were held with a Senior Manager of the Airport in Chennai. The Senior Manager gave an overview of each country in the airdrome and how LCC were different from premium bearers and the general tendencies noticed in an airdrome with regard to backing of LCC and so on. : The secondary beginnings of information were obtained from assorted documents on the same country of research. Diaries and research documents were used to analyse the current degree of research in the country. Web sites were used for cardinal apprehension of assorted nomenclatures and slang used in the LCC industry. PROJECT OUTLINE The undertaking focusses on the Low cost bearer services presently providing in India. The major focal point of the survey would be on their concern schemes, and how the LCC concern caught on in India. This is of importance as the air hose industry in India is on a complete downward swing due to the planetary economic crisis, in malice of this some LCC in India have managed a bend about and gone on to do healthy net incomes. At the same clip some other bearers have failed miserably in the quest to sharply spread out. A critical analysis of the full KINGFISHER debacle would be done and the consequences and recommendations of the survey would assist different LCC services to better understand the Indian air hose industry. Restriction The survey was conducted on a really little group of LCC ( those in India ) and most of the consequences, treatments and analysis are based on my position point of the current scenario in India and as a individual who does nt go a batch by air they may non be perfect and may or may non be applicable to all LCC, in fact the recommendations given may merely be applicable to the consideration set. It is in order to countervail this restriction that I have incorporated a twosome of international LCC and their concern schemes into this study. LITERATURE SURVEY 2.1 ABOUT THE BUSINESS Any air hose service that has in general a lower cost or menus and fewer amenitiess when compared to any regular air hose service possibly referred to as a Low Cost Carrier. It is of import that this service non be mixed up with local flights that ply for short continuance and hence do non offer a batch of on on-board services. As expected this scheme of take downing the cost of the airfare is traveling to take a ball out of their gross and to do up for the same they about ever charge excess for standard characteristics like nutrient on-board, precedence embarkation, transporting of excess luggage and besides for taking desired seats on the flight. This will be discussed in item during the class of the paper. These are some of the features that set LCC apart from the remainder of the air hose industry. At a clip when winging was a manner of conveyance reserved for the rich and celebrated ( 1950 1975 ) , few companies ( notably Southwest Airline ) started selling cheaper tickets at unthinkably low menus, they managed to make this by cutting costs and running a more efficient concern theoretical account. This led to the coming of the budget or low cost bearer theoretical account. The concern theoretical account adopted by Southwest air hose has since become the empirical theoretical account for the full LCC industry. For several old ages different LCC around the universe have stuck to the tested and tried theoretical account of Southwest air hoses. In recent times, due to lifting costs and increased competition in the air hose industry, little amendments have been made to the Southwest air hoses concern theoretical account in order that the other LCC survive the industry. The air hose deregulating act passed in 1978 by the authorities of the United States marked the coming of the LCC concern. This act allowed new participants into the market every bit good as giving them the power to put their ain monetary values. It is of import to observe that 60 65 % of the cost for air hoses come from external factors this means a batch of the cost ca nt truly be controlled. A generic interruption up of this cost would be 40 % for fuel, 12 15 % cost of care and another 12 15 % as the cost of ownership. The LCC concern participants hence need to cut costs in some other avenue and they found the beginning in in air services. INTRODUCTION AND BRIEF HISTORY FROM AROUND THE WORLD The construct of a low cost air hose was started in the 1970ss by the American domestic bearer Southwest with the exclusive aim of offering inexpensive airfares to the consumers. This created a state of affairs where already established flag ship bearers or bequest air hoses to lose a important sum of the market portion to these freshly formed low cost air hoses, strictly because of their ability to bear down a lower monetary value over traditional full cost air hoses. NORTH AMERICA From the deregulating in the 1970 s till the early 2000 s the transmutation of the low cost construct in the United States can merely be described as a series of inventions, proliferations and consolidations where many other low cost air hoses ( e.g. Pacific Southwest, New York Air, Jet America ) entered the market of which, some survived the competition and others did non. This besides caused some of the major bearers to get down their ain subordinates under the low cost streamer in order to recover their lost market portion. Europe In Europe the low cost construct was originated in the UK and Ireland based on the Southwest theoretical account with the debut of easyJet and Ryanair in 1995. Their success was attributed to the favorable economic model that encouraged the low cost air hose industry. For illustration, the deregulating allowed air hoses of member provinces to run domestically within the European Union. Another Example is low charges at underused airdromes which increased the rider Numberss traveling into those airdromes and eventually, their direct gross revenues attack utilizing the cyberspace and call Centres. AUSTRALIA/ NEW ZEALAND After the deregulating of the Australian domestic market in the early 1890ss, air hoses such as Compass Airlines and compass Mk II started low cost operations. However they were absorbed into the Qantas group as a consequence of the fiscal strength Qantas had over the low cost air hose. The lone important low cost invention came in the signifier of virgin blue which still continues to run today. In New Zealand, although the deregulating motion was implemented in 1984, low cost operations did non get down until 1995. However, unlike most other states it was nt in the domestic sector but short draw trans-Tasman flights, started by Kiwi Airlines. The response for this by the New Zealand flag ship bearer Air New Zealand was to make their ain subordinate Freedom Air to derive a market portion in the low cost air hose sector. Unfortunately, this creative activity of Freedom Air combined with the force per unit area from Qantas drove Kiwi Airlines out of the market. However, Deregulation within New Zealand has meant that new entrants and peculiarly big air hoses with significant capital are seeing New Zealand as an attractive market to come in and are sing the domestic and Trans-Tasman paths as possible gross earners ( Francis et al, 2005, p.89 ) . Today, an outgrowth of low cost bearer Virgin Blue operates Trans-Tasman paths under the streamer Pacific Blue. Asia In Asia, it was ever thought that the tight authorities control and limitations implemented will non let favorable conditions for low cost air hoses to thrive. However the rapid demographic and economic advancement combined with engorged hub airdromes aboard underutilised airdromes and the demand for authoritiess of those states to advance touristry and trade outside the capital metropoliss influenced in the conveying the low cost construct to the continent of Asia. Sing the success of some of the European air hoses such as easyJet and Ryanair, Malaysian bearer Air Asia started low cost domestic operations in 2001 based on the South West theoretical account. Other subordinate air hoses such as Tiger Airways and ValuAir have besides started operations and are still in service today. AN OVERVIEW Low COST CARRIER STRATEGIES The full LCC construct is based on a really simple thought. They do non concentrate on rider segregation ; on the reverse they use seats that are placed really near to each other, which in bend create more capacity. While purchasing the ticket, the rider pays merely for the place on a LCC, all the other services on board come at a monetary value. There are even a few short distance flights in Europe by RYANAIR another LCC that charges the riders for utilizing the lavatory on board. All the low cost bearers in general make their mark audience the leisure traveler and non concern riders. Another normally used scheme is differential pricing, seats are about ever sold on a first semen, foremost function footing and as the no of seats on peculiar paths keep make fulling up the monetary values automatically starts traveling upwards. Another of import facet of the low cost air hose industry is its heavy dependance on advertizements and public dealingss. In Europe, there was enormous promotion from the media for RYANAIRS proclamation that its seats cost every bit small as 1 penny, a similar scene was noticed in India at the clip when LCC were come ining into the market, tickets were so offered sans revenue enhancement at Rs. 1 500. An of import characteristic that allows for such low pricing is COST CUTTING. This is where LCC excel. Several different LCC air hoses have developed clever and advanced methods of cost film editing. Some of them are briefly explained below. Single theoretical account of aircraft: Though this may at first seem undistinguished, over clip the cost salvaging due to this move is enormous. The usage of a individual theoretical account of aircraft drastically reduces care costs. The demand for extremely qualified applied scientists who are up to day of the month in the latest types of air hose engineering ( which in bend means higher employee wage bundles ) is besides non mandatory. To farther increase the benefits, these aircrafts are either bought or leashed in majority volumes. Operate from secondary airdromes: This is a common phenomenon for LCC around the universe. The low cost bearers normally land and take off from secondary airdromes that are near to metropoliss. This greatly reduces the charges that they need to pay to the airdrome governments every bit good as well cut downing turnaround times at the airdromes. This besides means they do non necessitate to wait nightlong at foreign finish, taking in bend to overtime wage to their employees. Point to Indicate Model: Most LCC air hoses operate on a point to indicate theoretical account this is said to greatly better aircraft use every bit good as cut down waiting times. Besides it besides negates the demand to pay dues to multiple airdromes. Single Class Configurations: Most LCC air hoses merely have a individual category of service ( Economy ) . They do non concentrate on the concern category as it is non frequently that they are traveling to be serving concern travelers, besides this besides greatly reduces the demand for a larger crew on board. Even in malice of this alteration, the low cost bearers employ a far smaller crew when compared to regular aircrafts. No inflight services and Ancillary Grosss: This is another of import facet of their concern theoretical account ; it besides defines the Low cost bearer concern theoretical account. There are none of the on board services like free food/water/snacks as on regular flights. Almost every service on board demands to be paid for and bought. This besides in bend turns out to be a great beginning of accessory gross. All nutrient and services sold on board are a beginning of gross. Use of a Less Senior Crew: The usage of a less senior crew greatly reduces cost of operations as experient pilots and pursers command unbelievable wage bundles. They do non travel over a certain bound when it comes to employee wage bundles so when pilots gain more experience they constantly leave and move to greener grazing lands. Use of E-Ticketing: Another notably Omni-present characteristic across LCC around the universe is the on-line ticketing theoretical account. It is by and large considered that the costs associated with purchasing a ticket at a physical counter costs around 4.5 $ where as an e-ticket purchased on-line merely costs 1.5 $ . This once more created room for the LCC to cut down costs. Distribution costs, on norm, can account for every bit much as 17 % of an air hose s entire operating costs ( Alamdari A ; Fagan, 2005, p. 383 ) . Fuel Price: Another of import cost cutting scheme of Low cost bearer s universe over is to purchase fuel in big measures when the monetary values are low thereby ensuing in important nest eggs as and when the monetary values fluctuate. This is done by an experient individual who can read the fuel monetary value index and gauge how it will travel over the following few yearss. Even little addition of lessening in fuel monetary values could intend 1000000s of dollars in nest eggs or loss. Given below is a concern theoretical account that is employed at EasyJet a LCC holding operations in Europe. From the above diagram it is clear how concern theoretical accounts are designed in the Low Cost Carrier concern and what are their precedences. Criticism Some of the pricing policies of low cost bearers have come under heavy unfavorable judgment by different authorities bureaus and other regulators. These low cost bearers frequently show zero flight charges in their adverts, which really is the monetary value without including the revenue enhancement or airdrome fees, this is in many instances misdirecting to the terminal consumers who are in the terminal forced to pay a whole burden of accessory fees which absurd as it may sound includes Credit card use fees, airport check-in fees, luggage check-in fees and so on and so forth. CURRENT Tendency The benchmark concern theoretical account for all LCC around the universe since clip immemorial has been the theoretical account ab initio employed by South West Airlines. Over the old ages as the market moved from one that is really thinly populated to one that offers so much pick and assortment, a batch of the schemes employed ab initio became disused or unviable. Therefore different bearers around the universe had to do alterations and alterations in order to better accommodate their concern theoretical account to the environment that they operated in. The footing of the operation remained the same in consequence offering a lower cost option to the bequest bearers but as the competition heated up it became of paramount importance to distinguish the service offerings of the different low cost bearers in order to command a more loyal client base. As a consequence of this, some of the alterations that were implemented would be the offering of complimentary services and frequent cir cular plans. This ensured that these peculiar air hoses enjoyed grosss above the industry norm. Given below is a snapshot of how the Indian air power was segmented over the last decennary, the domination of the LCC concern in India is more apparent than of all time. The Indian air hose industry that was dominated by regular FSC s a decennary ago, was foremost shaken with the entry of Air Deccan, a LCC into the Indian market. Its enormous success led to multiple participants rapidly come ining the market. The market shortly became dominated by Low Cost Airlines. The Indian air power industry has over the past several old ages been witness to several headwinds, some of them being, industry broad over capacity taking to pricing power decreases, high oil monetary values and the demand growing staying subdued and so on. All these tendencies have made the industry debt ridden and in critical demand for an equity extract. The last few old ages have been particularly difficult on the industry, the really crisp rise in oil monetary values and the sudden bead in riders going by air due to the economic lag hit the industry hard. There was some respite during 2010-2011 on the dorsum of some subject enforced by the industry every bit good as some addition in rider air traffic. But this was shortly followed by more economic convulsion and fluctuating oil monetary values this once more led to drop in the industry gross returns. The Indian market is non precisely the most investor friendly, foreign direct investings are non allowed and even internally non more than a 49 % interest can be acquired. This coupled with the fact that most foreign companies enjoy a ample portion of the Indian net incomes thanks to code sharing understandings with Indian companies have made it really hard for the fighting Indian comp anies to acquire any extract of much needed equity. The issue of Kingfisher from the LCC market every bit good as the cancellation of its licence brings up a really important inquiry that needs to be answered, How feasible are the LCC in the long term? Another of import factor is the really low incursion of the air hose industry in India. It is presently lower than China where people on an mean brand merely 0.2 trips every twelvemonth. In blunt contrast, a individual in the United States makes 2 trips every twelvemonth by air what this means for the Indian air power industry is a enormous growing potency. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research methodological analysis is to consistently work out the research job. It may be understood as scientific discipline of survey, how research is done scientifically.A The methods adopted in roll uping the information analysis and reading of informations. Type OF PROJECT Research design is the basic frame work which provides guidelines for whole research methodological analysis. Research can be classified into ; Descriptive vs. Analytical Applied V. Cardinal Quantitative vs. Qualitative Conceptual vs. Empirical The pick of research design depends on the deepness and extent of informations required the cost and benefits of the research the urgency of the work and clip available for finishing it. For this survey, we would be utilizing as qualitative method of analysis with some inputs from assorted other types of Research like descriptive and so on. Due to the deficiency of clip it was non possible to carry on an in deepness study sing this issue. But the returns from an interview with a senior director working at the Airport have been included into the survey. Most of the informations presented in this undertaking is based off secondary informations ; it is a reasonably good established industry at least around the universe and a quickly turning industry in India. There was non much range for explorative Research and because of this I have taken up the undertaking of analyzing the current scenario in the low cost bearer concern in India and analyzing how and why some companies perform the manner that they do. The grosss of the different low cost bearers, FDI in the air hose industry, why did Kingfisher clang out are all some of the analysis that would be done based on the secondary informations collected. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTEPRETATION A batch of literature aggregation has been done, and based on this several new larning s sing the low cost bearer concern have been acquired. Armed with this information from here on in the undertaking will try to dissect and analyze the Low cost bearer industry in India, the major participants, their strengths and failings every bit good as the rise and autumn of KINGFISHER air hoses. This is a snap shooting of the Indian Airlines industry in 2003. As it is clearly seeable there are merely a few participants and the regular bequest air hoses account for more than 90 % of the market portion. This was besides the clip when LCC were doing their initial raid into the Indian market. As it is seen from the 1 % market portion held by Air Deccan the first LCC in the Indian market. Once the initial measure was done there was no halting the low cost bearers they entered into the market easy, one by one boulder clay they held a king of beasts s portion of the Indian air hose industry. Above is a snapshot of the same industry in 2009. It is obvious from the current market portion analysis that the LCC have made inroads into the Indian market and have started capturing the bigger piece of the pie. At this point of clip, the low cost bearers accounted for 40 % of the market portion in India. The high terminal Luxury airliner Kingfisher besides took a immense portion of the market from the bequest airliners in India thanks to their vision of presenting Indians to the art of winging in Luxury. This was besides the clip of consolidation ; several of the little participants in the market were being usurped by the larger participants ( KINGFISHER took over AIR DECCAN ) taking to industry broad alterations. This was besides the clip of recession where in several of the taking air hoses were describing really high losingss due to the broad fluctuations in the cost of fuel. There was besides a crisp diminution in the YoY growing of air riders in India, with the economic cr isis a batch of people were non taking to go by air and this combined with the fuel monetary value hiking spelt day of reckoning for the grosss of the Indian air hose industry. This is a snapshot of the Indian air power industry ( rider ) in 2012. As you can see there are several drastic alterations to the dissolution from the 2009 theoretical account, most noteworthy being the flooring diminution of Kingfisher. Despite this the Low cost bearer section has like an expert moved in to capture a larger portion of the Indian market now accounting for about 75 % of the Indian market. The ground for this non being obvious from the pie diagram is because the portions of Air India and Jet Airways include their several LCC services. The Indian GDP is said to hold grown by 5.3 % in the last one-fourth of 2012, this is said to be the worst public presentation of the economic system in the last 9 months. Several grounds can be attributed to this, high rising prices, high involvement rates and policy palsy from the authoritiess side. FY 2012 was a good twelvemonth in footings of rider traffic every bit far as the Indian air power industry was considered but in footings of profitableness there was a immense bead. Harmonizing to a statistic, the loss for the full industry in FY 2012 was 2 billion US $ whereas it was merely 4 billion US $ for the period FY 2008 2011. Harmonizing to informations published by CAPA ( Centre for Asia Pacific Aviation ) the full debt for the Indian air hoses industry is presently pegged at around 15 Billion US $ . LCC witnessed a steady growing while Kingfisher witnessed steady eroding. IndiGo moved to the 2nd topographic point in the domestic market and Spice Jet moved into 3rd topographi c point. It is interesting to observe that in a twelvemonth where companies fell in the air power sector, IndiGo managed to book net incomes. This is thanks to the fact that despite all the day of reckoning and somberness, they managed to take top honours in multiple classs such as employee per aircraft, on clip public presentation, flight and rider cancellation informations every bit good as the rider burden factor. Air India ( USD280-320 million loss ) Go Air: ( USD2.5-2.8 million loss ) Anil: ( Breakeven-5.7 million loss ) Jet Air passages: ( USD45-60 million loss ) Kingfisher: ( USD110-130 million loss ) Spice Jet: ( USD25-28 million loss ) This was a expression at the losingss at the terminal of the 2nd one-fourth of 2012. There was ever a robust growing in the Q3 of every fiscal twelvemonth because of the gay season and IndiGo has managed to turn it about in this period. Air India USD189-226 million loss Go Air: USD7.5-9.4 million net income Anil: USD47-57 million net income Jet Air passages: USD38-47 million net income Spice Jet: USD25-28 million net income Kingfisher does non do it to the list as the licence for them has been cancelled effectual October 2012. What did Kingfisher make that led to their meteorologic autumn from grace? For starting motors, Kingfishers sufferings started with the fatal determination to take over Air Deccan which was one of the Prime Minister low cost bearers in the state. The job was that their concern theoretical accounts could nt be more different. Kingfisher worked in the luxury section, with focal point on the higher subdivision of society where as Air Deccan catered to the cost witting traveler. The paradigm displacement in the idea procedure that was required to attach to this amalgamation of two wholly different companies was non wholly brought frontward by Kingfisher when they introduced Kingfisher RED their low cost bearer. There was ever no lucidity and clear discriminator between the concern schemes for these two contrasting services. Kingfishers BUSINESS MODEL vs. INDIGO s BUSINESS MODEL There are several ground why Kingfisher failed whereas IndiGo continues to bloom as one of the fastest turning low cost bearers in the universe in malice of the fact that they were both low cost bearers. The difference lies in the blunt contrast of their concern theoretical accounts. The last two old ages have been a existent catastrophe when it comes to the Indian air hoses industry and that is chiefly attributed to the steep rise in rough oil monetary values. It fluctuated from around 88 $ per barrel to 115 $ per barrel that is a rise of around 25 % . This was further non helped by the steady depreciation of the rupee against the dollar. It is interesting to observe that more than 70 % of an Indian air hose s payments need to be made in dollars and therefore their fiscal jobs were exacerbated by these jobs. During this period, Kingfisher incurred losingss deserving Rs. 732 crore and Jet Airways incurred losingss in surplus of Rs. 836 crore. Now the inquiry arises if that was the instance so why is it that Kingfisher is now out of concern while Jet airways continues to rule the industry in footings of market portion. The reply is reasonably simple really, foremost ; there is one of import factor that needs to be considered while we are discoursing Kingfisher. Ev er since its origin in 2005 as one of the Prime Minister bearers in the state, Kingfisher has neer one time reported a twelvemonth with net incomes. Kingfisher s fiscal record stands in blunt contrast to its service record ; it is one of merely 7 bearers in the universe to hold a 5 star evaluation from Skytrax, an UK based air power consultancy house. In the terminal I think it is safe to state that Kingfisher was a victim of its ain Business theoretical account which chiefly focussed on the upper echelons of society, it was exactly this sector of society that was severely hit by the recession of 2008 2009 and it neer recovered. A in depth reappraisal of the false beliefs of Kingfisher under Mr Vijay Mallya, make it really clear why Kingfisher is where it is now. Kingfisher began its services in India as a full service air bearer offering a individual category constellation. But even before they had settled down with that theoretical account and get down booking net incomes they got back to the pulling board and began puttering with the theoretical account. Now they all of a sudden had shifted their focal point to the luxury section. The theoretical account was along the lines of the prime luxury air bearers around the universe, decidedly non something that was cut out for the sensitive Indian market. As explained already they even managed to bad a 5 star evaluation from a celebrated air service consultancy for on board services. It was around this clip that Kingfisher started chew overing a coup detat of Air Deccan, which was at the clip one of the Prime Minister low cost air bearers in the state. Any premi er expert in air power would hold advised against this amalgamation at that point of clip particularly because the concern theoretical accounts of both these air hoses were every bit different as chalk and cheese. But against all odds, Mr Mallya went in front and bought Air Deccan based on his intestine feeling. This amalgamation opened rather a few doors for KFA. It allowed KFA to run in a new sector the LCC section as Kingfisher RED. The amalgamation with Air Deccan besides meant Mr Mallya had a batch more jets ( around 70 ) in the sky under his control, besides this the geting of Air Deccan besides meant KFA had more than 5 old ages of air power experience and therefore could now provide to international finishs. This led to a new concern theoretical account, which catered to 3 sections, Kingfisher First, Kingfisher Premium and Kingfisher Red. 2008 2009 despite the recession being at its extremum got a few awards to Mr Mallya owing to the increased market portion that KFA now en joyed. Despite this KFA neer did one time post any net incomes, and with recession at its extremum Mr Mallya was forced to close down Kingfisher Red because every bit is ever the instance in the Indian sub-continent where there are two services from the same trade name and one service is cheaper than the other people flock to the cheaper option. To add fuel to the pyre, KFA which was a nascent service supplier was keeping more than 5 different theoretical accounts of Jets all this besides led to high over caputs. At some point along the manner for KFA, the no show with regard to net incomes, erroneous amalgamation and acquisitions, the planetary fiscal crisis and an unstable concern theoretical account: all roads led to one finish, A large clang and that is precisely what happened with KFA. Defaults with employee wages, non-payment of dues and other hard currency flow issues all led to the inevitable, Employee work stoppages, flight cancellations and finally the cancellation of th eir licence to wing. IndiGo Airlines Kingfisher Airlines IndiGo had a really clear concern theoretical account in head. ( A no-nonsense 1 at that ) Single category config. No frills, speedy turnaround times. One of the premier grounds for KFA s death would be the deficiency of a clear concern theoretical account ; KFA frequently changed their concern theoretical account. To exceed it off the concern theoretical accounts were all unsighted versions of successful international air hoses. There was no localisation or version of the theoretical account in line with the part where they operated. They did non purchase aircrafts but leashed most of their jets. They marketed promptness as their USP which is mark of a robust concern theoretical account. KFA ab initio bought most of their aircrafts, to do affa

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Nutrition Research - Essay Example in the United States. Data obtained from the 1998 Supplemental Children's Survey involving 5,559 children aged birth through 9 years old were also included in the study. These surveys involved 24-hour-recall of food intake for one or two nonconsecutive days. The consumption for two days and appropriate weighting factors were used to calculate the average daily intake of beverage for individuals aged birth through 18 years old. The beverages are categorized as: 100% fruit juice (citrus juice plus non-citrus juices and nectars), total fluid milk, total carbonated beverages (regular and low-calorie), and total fruit drinks and ades (not 100% juice; regular and low-calorie). Breastfeed Infants and children were excluded from the analysis. The total sample size of the study includes 10,648 individuals 50.5% of which are male and 49.5% female. As far as cultural classification is concerned, there were70% white, 15% black; and 17% were of Hispanic origin). Descriptive statistics were calcul ated using SPSS (Version 10.1, 2000, SPSS Inc, Chicago,IL). T-tests were used to compare the mean differences of the data. The study presented the... Based on AAP groupings, the average intake of 100% fruit juice were 0.9, 4.6, and 3.4 oz for the children aged_6 months, 6 months to 6 years, and 7 to 18 years, respectively. Considering the recommended AAP levels for this type of beverage, the last two age groups are within 73% and 94%, respectively. For ages below 6 moths, giving 100% fruit juice was not recommended but the result show about 22% of the population surveyed consumed the beverage. Although it was not recommended for that age group there were no proven detrimental effects to the infants. Trend analysis of the data showed that 100% fruit juice consumption is highest at 2 years, declines steadily, and plateaus around age 7 years. For other beverages consumption, fluid milk is consumed highest, about 2 cups/day, at age 1, but by age 18 it decreases to 3/4 cup/day. Carbonated drink consumption increases as children grow, with a highest increase by age 8. One important findings of the study was that based on the data the consumption of other beverage such as carbonated soft drinks and other fruit drinks and ades which contained artificial sweeteners and flavors were higher compared to the consumption of 100% fruit juice. Disparity even increases from 4 years onwards for other fruit drinks while 8 years onward for carbonated drinks. The consumption level for 100% fruit juice also increased within 94% of AAP recommendation among older children. However, the increase consumption of carbonated beverages as the children mature is an alarming trend as far as the nutrient requirements and the choice of beverage for the children is concerned. Conclusions As far as consumption of 100% fruit juice for infants below 6 months old is concerned, the authors suggested that although there was no conclusive evidence

Economics Commentary Essay Example for Free

Economics Commentary Essay BRUSSELS: The European Commission on Thursday announced 5.5 million euros (7.5 million dollars) of emergency humanitarian aid for hundreds of thousands of civilians in conflict-ridden northwest Pakistan. More than 834,000 civilians have now fled a military assault on Taliban fighters holed up in Pakistans rugged northwest, where artillery pounded rebel bastions Thursday. As a result of the intensified fighting in Swat and other parts of the country, Pakistan is facing not only a security threat but also a humanitarian threat, said European Humanitarian Aid Commissioner Louis Michel. Pakistani authorities are doing their utmost but their relief capacities are now overstretched, he said, announcing the release of 5.5 million euros while adding that more could be provided if necessary. The EUs executive arm stressed that its aid was provided on a neutral basis to provide basic humanitarian needs such as shelter, food, clothes, and medical support. In some places, it will also provide clean drinking water and sanitation. All the funds will be channeled to projects by non-governmental relief organizations, specialized UN agencies and the Red Cross/Red Crescent movement. The European Union plans to hold its first ever summit with Pakistan in June to help strengthen the civilian government there. Among subjects mooted for the summit, provisionally planned for June 17, are the fight against terrorism including in neighboring Afghanistan as well as cooperation in the field of the rule of law and trade issues, according to a Czech EU presidency source. The EU has sent some 500 million Euros in aid to Pakistan since 1976, according to the European Commission, and has quadrupled its funding for the 2007-2010 period, with 50 million euros (65 million dollars) earmarked so far. Powered by Indiatimes About Us | Advertise with Us | Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Feedback | Sitemap Copyright (c) 2009 Bennett Coleman Co. Ltd. All rights reserved. For reprint rights: Times Syndication Service This site is best viewed with Internet Explorer 6.0 or higher; Firefox 2.0 or higher at a minimum screen resolution of 1024768 The European Commission announced 5.5 million euros (7.5 million dollars) of emergency humanitarian aid for hundreds of thousands of civilians in conflict-ridden northwest Pakistan. This article is about the European Union (EU), which also plays an important role in regional development, deciding to provide an aid for Pakistan. Many parts of Pakistan had been taken over by terrorists, Taliban, which resulted in some citizens to move to the northern part of the country. The EU is providing à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5.5 million and more if necessary. It will be used for basic necessities of life, food, shelter, and clothing; medical support, sanitation, and drinking water would also be provided. The type of which is provided by the EU is an official aid or also known as official development assistance (ODA); it is a mix of bilateral and multilateral aid. Multilateral aid is when organizations allocate funds provided by the countries and bilateral aid is when the aid is given directly to the country in need in the form of for example money support, machinery, tools, food, and medicine. In order to develop, Pakistan needs money and the EU is supplying them with the official aid through the organization of the Red Cross. This aid will result in developing not just the basic needs of the people there, which is proper sanitation and basic necessities of life, but also help strengthen the government, the civilian government. In order for development to take place, a few factors need to be kept in mind: Human factors, natural factors, physical capital and technological factors, and also institutional factors. In this case, the human factors and the institutional factors are kept in mind for Pakistans development. Human factors are the quality and/or quantity of human resources. The consequences of providing the civilians with better sanitation and food, shelter, medicine etc would be that they would have a better standard of living; lesser amount of people would fall ill and that would mean more amount of labor, which is an economic benefit. This would add to the potential output due to the increase in productivity as more people would be there to produce for the economy of Pakistan. In Graph 1 it shows the potential output of Pakistan at point B and point A represents the current output of the economy. In Graph 2, the potential output of Pakistan increased to point C due to the aid provided. These graphs show that the result of aid could increase the current output to point B because of increase in resources due to development, and potential output to point C. The amount of labor does not jus increase by proper food and health facilities but also by education and infrastructure, which is the internal skeletal of the economy, for which there has to be political stability, which are the institutional factors of an economy. The EU has also included aid for improving the civilian government. The civilian government, once recovered, can help in improving infrastructure and education systems by implementing new laws, policies and goals. This could also help increase the amount of security for the people in economy and also help recover land from the areas which are taken over by terrorists. Infrastructure provides the basis for an economy. It includes things such as road networks, sewage system, health, education. Enhancing the infrastructure would make the people in the economy better and more advanced labor. Education would help increase the amount of skilled labor which would, again, help develop the economy by helping increase the amount of physical capital and technological factors; these are social benefits to the economy. Better health would result in longer life span, more productivity and an increase in literacy rate would provide the economy with better skilled workers, increase productivity, and awareness. Poor sanitation, sewage system, can result in many deaths, which would be a negative impact on the economy as there will be a decrease in labor. In conclusion, the official aid given to Pakistan will help the economy towards progression. I will help by improving the economys human and institutional factors. By improving the civilian government, it would also make it a safer place for the normal citizens especially from the terrorist attacks. There will also be an impact on the law and order in the economy of Pakistan due to the aid given. The political stability can also improve. These would result in the overall development of the economy.

Mughal Emperor Akbar Essay -- Emperors Akbar India Essays

Mughal Emperor Akbar Topic: What were the contribution of the Mughal emperor Akbar to the creation of an Indian national Identity? What were the greatest obstacles to his achievement in this? The greatest of the Mughal’s emperors, Akbar, attempted the creation of a national identity for India by his numerous reforms, literal and cultural development, and policies of integration and organization. His reforms included a liberal policy toward the non-Muslims, religious innovations, the land revenue system and the famous Mansabdari system. His policy of religious toleration became the most significant aspect during his reign. Akbar established a new religion, the Din-i-Ilahi. But Akbar’s attempt to create a national identity and a social equilibrium through his religious and political innovations was met with many obstacles and much opposition. Akbar’s approach to the problem of effectively governing a vast empire, made up of various ethnic groups, was to identify his interests with those of the country and set himself to unite all his subjects. Akbar introduced a policy of reconciliation and assimilation of Hindus, who represented the majority of the population. Akbar understood the importance of tolerance, which was paramount to his dynasty’s long-term viability. The Hindus could only be reconciled by equality of treatment and respect for their institutions. Their employment was beneficial to the empire, as many were better businessmen than the Muslim invaders who were uneducated. Having defeated the Rajputs, the most militant of the Hindu rulers, he allied himself with them, by recruiting many capable Hindu chiefs with the highest ranks in government and by conferring honours upon them. To further build alliance with the Rajputs, he encouraged intermarriages between Mughal and Rajput aristocracy, setting himself as an example by marrying daughters of three leading Rajput chiefs. Akbar’s acts of tolerance were aimed at the Hindu community as a whole and not just at the Rajputs, who became one of the pillars of the empire. His efforts to win over the Hindu population included reforms like, allowing all Hindus to practice their own religion without disturbance, and Akbar further flattered them by personally participating in the ... ...letely destroyed by his great-grandson, Emperor Aurangzeb . - 2000 words - Assessment 84% - Has never been submitted anywhere except to the university for assessment. BIBLIOGRAPHY SECONDARY SOURCES Allan J. & Dodwell H.H., The Cambridge Shorter History of India, London, Cambridge University Press, 1934. De Riencourt, Amaury., The Soul of India, Revised edn., Great Britain, Honeyglen Publishing, 1986. Lamb, Beatrice Pitney., India: A World in Transition, New York, Frederick A. Praeger, 1963. Ratman, T., Report on India, London, Oxford University Press, 1943. Rawlinson, H.G., India: A Short Cultural History, New York, Frederick A. Praeger, 1952. Thapar, Romila., A History of India, vol. 1, London, Penguin Books, 1990. Watson, Francis., A Concise History of India, Great Britain, Thames and Hudson, 1974. accessed 5 August, 2004. accessed 5 August, 2004. accessed 4 August, 2004. accessed 5 August, 2004. accessed 4 August, 2004. accessed 2 August, 2004. accessed 27 July, 2004 accessed 25 July, 2004. accessed 25 July, 2004. accessed 28 July, 2004. accessed 2 August, 2004

Psychoanalytic Criticism of A Rose for Emily

Psychoanalytic Criticism of A Rose for Emily A Rose for Emily is a sad story about a woman who struggles with being unable to cope with the death of her father and being a lonely woman. It is broken into 5 sections in which in each part the narrator shifts the point of view. In section 1 the story starts off at Miss Emily’s funeral. The funeral is taking place at her home and many people come to pay their respects and also are curious to see the inside of the house. No one had seen the inside of the house besides the manservant for 10 years.Throughout the story we see the struggles a woman has with loneliness, depression and even necrophilia. Miss Emily’s character has many mental problems. Her biggest problem that we see her struggles with is denial. Several times through out the story she struggles with the denial of big issues. Sometimes it’s the death of a person or other times it was denying the fact that she owed taxes. Another struggle that she deals with is the fear of abandonment, which that seems to be what brought on her denial.Growing up her father was very controlling and when her father passes I think she has trouble dealing with not having a controlling figure in her life. That is what brought on the denial of her father’s death. That denial also plays a role in her necrophilia problem later in the story. The first of Miss Emily’s problem is denial. In a couple of cases we see that her denial is a big problem for her. We first see her denial take place when she takes place when the narrator talks about how she avoided paying taxes.This seems minor at this point because the town had told her that she owed no taxes, and in fact that the city owed her money from her fathers loan to the town. The loan was false but when her father passed she was left with only a house. Since she was thought of by the town as â€Å" a tradition, a duty and a care† (pg. 148). the town decided to help her out. They didn’t think she would take charity money so they made up the lie. When the younger people started taking over the town they sent her a letter to pay her taxes. She insisted that she owed nothing to the town. The leaders of the town sent a couple of letters to her but got no return.Back and forth it went until they decided to go to her house and collect the money. After a brief discussion she forced them out of her home with out paying and telling them to talk to Colonel Sartoris because she has no taxes in Jefferson. Colonel Sartoris had died by this point but she was unaware because she wouldn’t leave her home. We see her deal with denial when the death of her father comes. The day after he died a group of ladies went up to the house to â€Å"offer condolences and aid† (pg. 151) and Miss Emily â€Å"met them at the door, dressed as usual and with no trace of grief on her face. † (pg. 51) She denied that her father was dead. For 3 days people went to her house trying to get her to let them dispose of the body. And right as they were about to use law and force she allowed them to take the body and burry him. This is when we first signs that she was gong crazy. However, the narrator does say that they didn’t think she was crazy at this point but â€Å"she had to do that. † (pg. 151) The third denial she faces is when she murdered Homer Barron. Her and Homer were seen together on several occasions out in town. Many people thought they would marry but then Homer was last seen entering her home.The people of Jefferson thought he had left town after that since he was never seen again. At the end we learn that she had killed him. His body was lying in an upstairs room. The room was set up almost like that of a room for a bridal. Although filled with dust, the narrator describes a room that at one time was decorated. Homer’s body was decayed and only the bones were left. There was evidence that she would lay beside him at night. Sh e killed him because she was fearful of abandonment. In a way I think she thought she would always have him by killing him then leaving his body up stairs so she could lay with him until she died.We can look at how she treated death of her father and Homer as denial but it can also be looked at, as she feared abandonment as well. Growing up her father was very strict with her. She wasn’t allowed to date any man. Her father was extremely controlling over almost every part of her life. So when her father passed she didn’t want to admit it to herself because he was all she had as for as close family goes. I think she needed that controlling figure in her life. It’s obvious that she liked Homer and maybe she was scared he would leave her so she killed him. By doing that she would have him forever.Her love for Homer may have come due to the fact that she was like her dad. Even though her dad was controlling of her she had loved him dearly. She was longing for that co ntrolling figure and that is why she fell for Homer. The narrator describes him as a â€Å"mans man†. (pg 152) His controlling tendencies were clear when he was seen cussing at the people he was over at work. Through out this story we see Miss Emily struggle with the inner demons of denial and fear of abandonment. I think Faulkner does a great job by showing how there is a mental affect of someone growing up in a controlling environment.

Pscychological Effects of Ragging on Student and Counteractive Measures for Prevention Essay

Ask any college student what he or she was most nervous about on the first day of college and the answer will most probably be the same — ragging. But what is ragging? Who does it and why? There is no clear definition of ragging (or hazing), but it is generally understood to be the act of college seniors subjecting juniors to teasing or practical jokes. The term includes a relatively harmless prank such as asking a junior to roll a coin around the basketball court to more serious or dangerous acts like sexual abuse and torture. Ragging initially began as an innocent tradition to get new students acquainted with each other but has gradually become a method by which anti-social elements of the institute assert their dominance on the campus. Although ragging can happen in any college, it is most prevalent in medical and engineering colleges. The reason being most students live on campus and are thus soft targets. What to do if you are ragged Ragging can assume any form — abusive language directed at the student or his family, making juniors run errands for seniors, sexual abuse, forcing freshers to strip or speak obscenely about professors in front of other students. Basically, any form of abuse against juniors amounts to ragging. If any of this is happening to you, inform your family about it first. Going against one’s college seniors can be stressful for a fresher, so make sure you have all the support you can get from your family and friends. The second step is to approach the institute’s authorities. Inform them of the goings-on and the names of the culprits. Most colleges have an anti-ragging cell — an association of professors and students who track down and take disciplinary action against students indulging in ragging. If the college authorities seem unwilling to take action, and the severity of the offence is great, you can even approach the police. Ragging has been recognised as a cr ime in India and the police are legally obliged to investigate the matter. Frehsers entrance test Ragging is meant to faimilarise the seniors with the juniors. In the media it is portrayed that ragging is normal event in a student life, seeing TV many seniors develop new ideas to conduct ragging. In the news they tell about the event how a sudden namely ___ got ragged commited suicide or got  affected, but they fail to tell the outcome punishment on the raggers. Demiralise the student: Demoralise the student and will develop phobia and lose interest in studies, leave their goals aspirations, leaving them helpless for rest of their life. Inaction or ineffective action on part of the concerned authority only encourages the mindset of te accused to indulge in such action again. The accused senior gains confidence as being right and will traumatize someone else or same one again. How to deal with being ragged Sometimes, intervention may come too late. In a number of cases, students have succumbed to the humiliation of ragging, and fall victim to bouts of depression and lack of interest in academic pursuits. Extreme abuse has even caused some students to attempt suicide. It is recommended that students grappling with the humiliation of ragging seek help from a trained counsellor. Parents and teachers must take it upon themselves to safeguard the mental health of students by keeping all the channels of communication open. Every effort must be made to help a victim deal with the incident and move on. So, don’t let the fear of being ragged prevent you from pursuing a happy and fruitful college career. Remember, it is as much a crime to tolerate oppression as it is to subject someone to it. Timely action can help change your freshman year from a nightmare into a dream come true. There are 3 types of ragging verbal, physically and sexual. The acts of abuses are making u dance, sing, propose to girl or boy, go kiss a girl or boy, all this acts which the so called seniors will not or r not bold enough to do they do it in form of ragging through the juniors. Teasing or abusing of playing Practical joke on, or causing hurt to any student. or (b) Asking any student to do any act, or perform any thing, which he/she would not, in the ordinary course, be willing to do or perform. It is the animal hidden Instinct. The urge to dominate the neighbour, especially when one has more leisure.It happens not only in colleges/educational Institutions but also in jails and such other Institutions. They want respect from juniors. †¢ they want to show that they  r the SENIORS, and another reason may be that they want to repeat what had happend with them when they were juniors†¦. Please keep in mind the following things and advise your college going friends too. * Ragging is a crime. Do not engage in it or support it * Even petty ragging is against fundamental human rights * There needs to be zero tolerance for any form of ragging * Being senior does not give anyone any right to pull up others for anything * If you see any ragging, immediately inform authorites and even the police * Just pick your phone and call police if anyone rags you even in a small way * Make sure your college has an active anti-ragging cell * If college authorities don’t take small ragging complaints seriously, complain to your parents and the university * As responsible citizens of India we need to elimiate ragging in everyway * Please share this message with all your college going and other young friends Anti-Ragging Act, 2010 and under sections 377, 511, 504, 506, 384, 341 and 323 of the IPC, How Ragging Affects The Victim: 1. An unpleasant incident of ragging may leave a permanent scar in the victim’s mind that may haunt him for years to come. 2. The victim declines into a shell, forcing himself into ignominy and alienation from the rest of the world. 3. It demoralizes the victim who joins college life with many hopes and expectations. 4. Though incidents of physical assault and grievous injuries are not new, ragging also simultaneously causes grave psychological stress and trauma to the victim. 5†¦. WHAT IS RAGGING †¢Teasing, manhandling, ill-treating with rudeness any Fresher. †¢Psychological harm that raises fear in the mind of fresher. †¢Asking the fresher to perform any act, which has the effect of causing or generating a sense of shame so as to adversely affect his/her physique/psyche. RAGGING IS REPREHENSIBLE ACT †¢No act of ragging shall be tolerated. †¢Any act of ragging shall not go unnoticed and unpunished. PUNISHMENT MAY INCLUDE: †¢Expulsion from hostel. †¢Fine with public apology. †¢Withholding a scholarship or other benefit. †¢Debarring from representation in events or campus placement. †¢Adverse entry in Character Certificate. †¢Suspension from the institution. †¢Expulsion from the institution. PROCEDURE OF DISCIPLINARY PROCEEDINGS: †¢If the appropriate authority is satisfied that a prima-facie case exists against the boarder he may be suspended from the hostel, pending a final enquiry. What constitutes Ragging: – Ragging constitutes one or more of any of the following acts:  3 a. any conduct by any student or students whether by words spoken or written or by an act which has the effect of teasing, treating or handling with rudeness a fresher or any other student; b. indulging in rowdy or undisciplined activities by any student or students which causes or is likely to cause annoyance, hardship, physical or psychological harm or to raise fear or apprehension thereof in any fresher or any other student; c. asking any student to do any act which such student will not in the ordinary course do and which has the effect of causing or generating a sense of shame, or torment or embarrassment so as to adversely affect the physique or psyche of such fresher or any other student; d. any act by a senior student that prevents, disrupts or disturbs the regular academic activity of any other student or a fresher; e. exploiting the services of a fresher or any other student for completing the academic tasks assigned to an individual or a group of students. f. any act of financial extortion or forceful expenditure burden put on a fresher or any other student by students; g. any act of physical abuse including all variants of it: sexual abuse, homosexual assaults, stripping, forcing obscene and lewd acts, gestures, causing bodily harm or any other danger to health or person; h. any act or abuse by spoken words, emails, posts, public insults which would also include deriving perverted pleasure, vicarious or sadistic thrill from actively or passively participating in the discomfiture to fresher or any other student; i. any act that affects the mental health and self-confidence of a fresher or any other student with or without an intent to derive a sadistic pleasure or showing off power, authority or superiority by a student over any fresher or any other student. 5. Measures for prevention of ragging:- It shall be mandatory for every technical Institution, University, deemed to be University imparting technical education to take following measures for prevention of ragging at such institutions. 1. The advertisement issued for admission by a technical institution, University including Deemed to be University concerned and/or the admission authority/ affiliating University/State Govt./UT/Central Govt. as the case may be, shall clearly mention that ragging is totally banned and anyone found guilty of ragging and/or abetting ragging is liable to be punished. 2. The ‘Prospectus’ and other admission related documents shall contain directions of the Supreme Court Affiliating University/admission Authority/State Govt/Central Govt. shall make it mandatory for the institutions under their jurisdiction to compulsorily incorporate such information in their ‘Prospectus’. These Regulations shall be printed in the brochure of admission/instruction booklet for candidates. 3. The application form for admission/enrolment shall have a printed affidavit, preferably both in English and Hindi and/or in one of the regional languages. The affidavit should be filled up and signed by the  candidate to the effect that he/she is aware of the law regarding prohibition of ragging as well as the punishments, and that he/she, if found guilty of the offence of ragging and/or abetting ragging, is liable to be punished appropriately. 4. The application form shall also contain a printed affidavit, preferably both in English and Hindi and/or in one of the regional languages and the affidavit should be signed by the parent/guardian of the applicant to the effect that he/she is also aware of the law in this regard and agrees to abide by the punishment meted out to his/her ward in case the latter is found guilty of ragging and/or abetting ragging. 5. The application for admission shall be accompanied by a document along with the School Leaving Certificate/Character Certificate which shall include a report on the behavioral patter of the applicant, so that the institution can thereafter keep intense watch upon the student who has a negative entry in this regard. 6. A student seeking admission to the hostel shall have to submit another affidavit along with his/her application for hostel accommodation that he/she is also aware of the law in this regard and agrees to abide by the punishments meted out if he/she is found guilty of ragging and/or abetting ragging. 7. Every technical institution, University including Deemed to be University imparting technical education shall maintain a proper record of the affidavits obtained to ensure its safe up keep thereof,including digital copies of the affidavits and such digital copy should be made available to the AICTE or to an Agency identified/nominated by AICTE. 8. The AICTE or an Agency identified/nominated for the purpose and affiliating Universities and Directorate of Technical Education of the concerned State Govt./UT shall maintain an appropriate data base of the affidavits in the digital form obtained from every student at the time of admission to the technical institutions, Universities including Deemed to be Universities imparting technical education. 9. Each batch of freshers should be divided into small groups and each such group shall be assigned to a member of staff. Such staff member should interact individually with each member of the group on daily basis to ascertain the problems/difficulties, if any faced by the freshers in the Institution and extend necessary help. 10. Incase of freshers admitted to a Hostel it shall be the responsibility of the teacher incharge of the group to co-ordinate with the warden of the Hostel and to make surprise visits to the rooms in the hostel where the members of the group are lodged. Freshers should be lodged in a separate hostel block wherever possible and where such facilities are not available, the college/institution shall ensure that seniors’ access to freshers’ accommodation is strictly monitored by wardens, Security Guards and Staff. 11. Every institution should engage or seek the assistance of professional counselors at the time of admissions to counsel ‘freshers’ in order to prepare them for the life ahead, particularly for adjusting to the life in hostels. At the commencement of the academic session the Head of the technical Institution, University including Deemed to be University imparting technical education shall convene and address a meeting of various functionaries/agencies, like Wardens, representatives of students, parents/guardians, faculty, district administration including police, to discuss the measures to be taken to prevent ragging and steps to be taken to identify the offenders and punish them suitably. 12. Every fresher admitted to the technical Institution, University including Deemed to be University imparting technical education shall be given a printed information booklet detailing when and whom he/she has to turn to for help and guidance for various purposes (including Wardens, Head of the institution, members of the anti–ragging committee, relevant district and police authorities), addresses and telephone numbers of such persons/authorities, etc. 13. The technical institutions, University including Deemed to be University imparting technical education through the information booklet mentioned 6  above shall explain to the new entrants the arrangements for their induction and orientation which promote efficient and effective means of integrating them fully as students. 14. The information booklet mentioned above shall also tell the freshers about their rights as bona fide students and clearly instructing them that they should desist from doing anything against their will even if ordered by the seniors, and that they have nothing to fear as the institution cares for them and shall not tolerate any atrocities against them. 15. The information booklet mentioned above shall contain a calendar of events and activities laid down by the institution to facilitate and complement familiarization of juniors with the academic environment of the institution. 16. To make the community at large and the students in particular aware of the dehumanizing effect of ragging, and the approach of the institution towards those indulging in ragging, big posters (preferably with different colors for the provisions of law, punishments, etc.) shall be prominently displayed on all Notice Boards of all departments, hostels and other buildings as well as at vulnerable places Some of such posters shall be of permanent nature in certain vulnerable places. 17. The technical Institution, University including Deemed to be University imparting technical education shall request the media to give adequate publicity to the law prohibiting ragging and the negative aspects of ragging and the institutions ‘s resolve to ban ragging and punish those found guilty without fear or favor. 18. The technical Institution, University including Deemed to be University imparting technical education shall identify, properly illuminate and man all vulnerable locations. 19. The technical Institution, University including Deemed to be University imparting technical education shall tighten security in its premises, especially at the vulnerable places. If necessary, intense policing shall be resorted to at such points at odd hours during the early months of the academic session. 20. The technical Institution, University including Deemed to be University imparting technical education shall utilize the vacation  period before the start of the new academic year to launch wide publicity campaign against ragging through posters, information booklets, seminars, street plays, etc. 7 21. The faculties/departments/units of the technical Institution, University including Deemed to be University imparting technical education shall have induction arrangements (including those which anticipate, identify and plan to meet any special needs of any specific section of students) in place well in advance of the beginning of the academic year with a clear sense of the main aims and objectives of the induction process. 22. Mobile Phones and other communication devices may be permitted in residential areas including hostels to provide access to the students particularly freshers, to reach out for help from teachers, parents and Institution authorities. Monitoring mechanism in technical institution, University including Deemed to be University imparting technical education:- a) Anti-ragging Committee: Every institution University including Deemed to be University imparting technical education shall constitute a Committee to be known as the Anti-ragging Committee to be nominated and headed by the Head of the Institution, and consisting of representatives of civil and police administration, local media, Non Government Organizations involved in youth activities, representatives of faculty members, representatives of parents, representatives of students belonging to the freshers’ category as well as senior students, non-teaching staff; and shall have a diverse mix of membership in terms of level as well as gender. b) It shall be the duty of the Anti-Ragging Committee to ensure compliance with the provisions of these Regulations as well as the provisions of any law for the time being in force concerning ragging; and also to monitor and oversee the performance of the Anti-Ragging Squad in prevention of ragging in the institution. c) Anti-Ragging Squad: Every institution University including Deemed to be  University imparting technical education shall also constitute a smaller body to be known as the Anti-Ragging Squad to be nominated by the Head of the Institution with such representation as may be considered necessary for maintaining vigil, oversight and patrolling functions and shall remain mobile, alert and active at all times. Provided that the Anti-Ragging Squad shall have representation of various members of the campus community and shall have no outside representation. d) It shall be the duty of the Anti-Ragging Squad to be called upon to make surprise raids on hostels, and other places vulnerable to incidents and having the potential for ragging and shall be empowered to inspect such places. 8 e) It shall also be the duty of the Anti-Ragging Squad to conduct an on-the-spot enquiry into any incidents of ragging referred to it by the Head of the institution or any member of the faculty or any member of the staff or any student or any parent or guardian or any employee of a service provider or by any other person, as the case may be; and the enquiry report along with recommendations shall be submitted to the Anti-Ragging Committee for action. Provided that the Anti-Ragging Squad shall conduct such enquiry observing a fair and transparent procedure and the principles of natural justice and after giving adequate opportunity to the student or students accused of ragging and other witnesses to place before it the facts, documents and views concerning the incidents of ragging, and considerations such other relevant information as may be required. Actions to be taken against students for indulging and abetting ragging in technical institutions Universities including Deemed to be University imparting technical education:- 1. The punishment to be meted out to the persons indulged in ragging has to be exemplary and justifiably harsh to act as a deterrent against recurrence of such incidents. 2. Every single incident of ragging a First Information Report (FIR) must be filed without exception by the institutional authorities with the local police authorities. 3. The Anti-Ragging Committee of the institution shall take an appropriate decision, with regard to punishment or otherwise, depending on the facts of each incident of ragging and nature and gravity of the incident of ragging. 4. a) Depending upon the nature and gravity of the offence as established the possible punishments for those found guilty of ragging at the institution level shall be any one or any combination of the following:- (i) Cancellation of admission (ii) Suspension from attending classes (iii) Withholding/withdrawing scholarship/fellowship and other benefits (iv) Debarring from appearing in any test/examination or other evaluation process (v) Withholding results (vi) Debarring from representing the institution in any regional, national or international meet, tournament, youth festival, etc. (vii) Suspension/expulsion from the hostel (viii) Rustication from the institution for period ranging from 1 to 4 semesters (ix) Expulsion from the institution and consequent debarring from admission to any other institution. (x) Collective punishment: when the persons committing or abetting the crime of ragging are not identified, the institution shall resort to collective punishment as a deterrent to ensure community pressure on the potential raggers. b) An appeal against the order of punishment by the Anti-Ragging Committee shall lie, 11 i. In case of an order of an institution, affiliated to or constituent part, of the University, to the Vice-Chancellor of the University; ii. In case of an order of a University, to its Chancellor. iii. In case of an institution of national importance created by an Act of Parliament, to the Chairman or Chancellor of the  institution, as the case may be. 5. The institutional authorities shall intimate the incidents of ragging occurred in their premises along with actions taken to the Council form time to time. 9 Action to be taken against the technical Institution, University including Deemed to be University imparting technical education which fail to take measures for prevention of ragging:- 1. Role of the concerned technical institutions, Universities including Deemed to be Universities imparting technical education shall be open to scrutiny for the purpose of finding out whether they have taken effective steps for preventing ragging and action taken against provision indulged and/or abetting ragging. The Council shall constitute Committees to inspect technical institutions, Universities including Deemed to be Universities imparting technical education to verify the status of anti ragging measures and to investigate specific instances of ragging and take appropriate action. 2. The technical Institution, University including Deemed to be University imparting technical education should submit an affidavit along with its compliance report submitted to AICTE annually with details of measures taken for prevention of ragging in technical institutions. The Compliance Report should also contain the details of the instances of ragging and action taken against students, and others for indulging and abetting ragging. 3. All Letters of Approval issued by AICTE such as extension of approval letters, letters issued for additional courses/increase in intake and letters issued for new technical institutions, release of grants, letters of approval issued to integrated campus, second shift etc. shall contain a specific clause of prevention of ragging. 4. The AICTE shall, in respect of any institution that fails to take adequate steps to prevent ragging or fails to act in accordance with these Regulations or fails to punish perpetrators or incidents of ragging suitably, take one of more of the following measures, namely; i. No admission/Withdrawal of approval granted under section 10(k) of AICTE Act. ii. Withholding any grant allocated. iii. Declaring the institution ineligible for consideration for any assistance under any of the general or special assistance programmes of the AICTE. iv. Informing the general public, including potential candidates for admission, through a notice displayed prominently in the newspapers or other suitable media and posted on the website of the AICTE, declaring that the institution does not possess the minimum academic standards. v. Taking such other action within its powers as it may deem fit and impose such other penalties as may be provided in the Act for such duration of time as the institution complies with the provisions of these Regulations. 5. As regards the Universities including Deemed to be Universities imparting technical education the actions proposed to be taken such as stopping release of grants, withdrawal of approval/recognition will be sent to University Grants Commission (UGC), Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD), Govt. of India and the concerned State Govt./UT. The UGC, MHRD Govt. of India, and the State Govt./UT concerned shall initiate immediate action on the recommendations of the Council.

science experiment essays

science experiment essays Bought two geraniums and set them on plastic plates in a location were they would receive an equal amount of sunlight. Went to freshwater pond and collected  ¼ cup of water from its photic zone. Collected  ¼ cup of faucet water from kitchen. Watered both plants according to what kind of water they had been assigned to. Photographed flowers and noted flower differences. Collect  ¼ cup of both waters. Water both plants accordingly. Noted that plant being watered with faucet water had new buds beginning to bloom while pond water plant was losing petals. Research and find that flower differences could be caused due to the fact that the pond contains pollutants from parking lot runoff. Once more collect  ¼ cup of both waters. Water each plant accordingly. Noted that faucet water plant continued to flourish though one of its leaves is slightly yellow around the edge. Also, not only was pond water plant losing more petals, but instead of going pale, like hypothesized it obtained brown spots on its petals. Researched and found that further deterioration of pond water plant may have been worsened by the fact that pollutant levels are more concentrated at the photic zone because the water near the edge of the shore hasnt had as much of a chance to filter out harmful substances. Collect  ¼ cup of each water Water each plant accordingly Noted that faucet plant kept thriving and had not changed color over the course of the four days. Also noted that petal loss and brown discoloration of pond water plant continued at a rapid pace although it had received a new blossom. (Feel really bad for knowingly injuring a plant.) ...

How to Write Term Papers

How to Write Term Papers How to Write Term Papers How to Write Term PapersIn the Middle Ages, a craftsman had to demonstrate his piece of work to the officers of the guild in order to be admitted to a trade guild. If the officers approved his work, he granted the title of Master of trade. This tradition still works today, as teachers at school/college/university evaluate students skills and abilities by the academic papers they accomplish. Probably, this is the idea that every student should keep in mind when writing his/her term paper. The only question is how to write term papers. Well, in this article, you will find useful tips on how to write term papers and get only the best grades ever. In addition, you should review great tips on how to write a term paper, how to write a thesis, and how to write a research paper in our blog!How to write term papers: BrainstormingBefore you get far gathering information, you have to think of two main things:What you aim to explore;Who the reader of your paper is.How to write term papers: P icking out a topicSomeone might take choosing a topic carelessly but not you if you want to get an A+ on your paper. The right choice of a term paper topic is half the battle and a strong factor influencing the entire success on the paper. Take into consideration your personal preferences, your level of knowledge and abilities, and the readers interest as well.How to write term papers: Seeking sourcesA crucially importance feature of scholarly writing is that scholars trace each idea to its source. It means that each idea and fact should be cited, and the source from which this information was taken should be presented in the reference list. Avoid the Web sources that every visitor has an access to. It is better to use books from your school library or educational websites.How to write term papers: OutliningA comprehensive outline will help you find connections between the pieces of information and find out what is worth or does not worth talking about. Think what might be mentioned first, then second, third, etc.How to write a term paper clearlyPeople tend to write clearly if they know what they are trying to say. Express your thoughts as if you are trying to explain a little boy an overcomplicated subject. First, do not pay attention to the grammar and spelling. You will come back to them after the full text is ready.How to write term papers: EditingFirst, proofread what you have written and try to find misunderstanding and shortcomings in the logic of narration. Then, pass to the grammar, spelling, and punctuation. Check the format.Our tips on how to write term papers will certainly help you if you take them into consideration. Do not forget to take a look at guidelines on how to write an essay and how to write a book report . You will definitely find them helpful!

Scholarly Article Review Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Scholarly Article Review - Term Paper Example Studies of teacher’s shortages date back to the 1950 when the returning war veteran’s children began to tax the capacities of local schools. In the 1980, studies described both the types and extent of teacher’s shortages with emphasizes on the special education teachers. According to an article by the Robinson (2008), the reason behind the shortage is the high exit rates of the special education teachers. Due to the shortage, alternative licensure programs have come up. For example, army personnel are getting trained for a second career in education and radically intensified summer programs are replacing the four year licensure programs. Although these programs have assisted in placing more special education teachers in the classroom, the quality of both the newly licensed teachers and the teacher’s education programs is questionable. A closely related issue that according to the article by Education Commission of the States (2014) is the current merger of the special education teacher program into the overall education program. This will integrate with the already existence policies of education to fully cater for the students with the special needs to avoid any form of omissions or discrimination in the school curriculums. According to Eiken (2011) accountability of teachers working with special education students is becoming more dangerous and difficult since many of the students have severe problems. Due to the shortage of staff and the crowded classrooms, the students are prone to violent outbursts that frighten and even injure teachers. These impacts and controversies amount to only a small portion of the many issues related to special education. Teacher shortage, school reforms and inclusion are often heard in the news national wide. Although every story has two sides, extra effort is needed from teacher, the government and even the student to ensure that every story has a happy