11th Commandment - Definition in Politics

The 11th commandment is an informal rule in the Republican Party mistakenly attributed to Presidential Ronald Reagan that discourages attacks on members of the party and encourages candidates to be kind to each other. The 11th commandment states: Thou shalt not speak ill of any Republican. The other thing about the 11th commandment: Nobody pays attention to it anymore. The 11th commandment  is not meant to discourage healthy debate over policy or political philosophy between Republican candidates for office. It is designed to prevent GOP candidates from launching into personal attacks that would damage the eventual nominee in his general-election contest with the Democratic opponent or preclude him from taking office. In modern politics, the 11th commandment has failed to prevent Republicans candidates from attacking each other. A good example is the 2016 Republican presidential primaries, in which eventual nominee and President-elect Donald Trump routinely disparaged his opponents. Trump referred to Republican U.S. Sen. Marco Rubio as little Marco, U.S. Sen. Ted Cruz as Lyin Ted, and former Florida Jeb Bush as a very low energy kind of guy. The 11th commandment is dead, in other words. Origin of 11th Commandment The origin of the 11th commandment is most often credited to former Republican President Ronald Reagan. Though Reagan used the term many times to discourage infighting in the GOP, he did not come up with 11th commandment. The term was first used by Calfornias Republican Party chairman, Gaylord B. Parkinson, before Reagans first campaign for governor of that state in 1966. Parkinson had inherited a party that was deeply divided. While Parkinson is believed to have first issued that commandment Thou shalt not speak ill of any Republican, he added: Henceforth, if any Republican has a grievance against another, that grievance is not to be bared publicly. The term 11th commandment is a reference to the original 10 commandments handed down by God on how humans should behave. Reagan is often mistakenly given credit with coining the 11th commandment because he was a devout believer in it since first running for political office in California. Reagan wrote in the autobiography An American Life: The personal attacks against me during the primary finally became so heavy that the state Republican chairman, Gaylord Parkinson, postulated what he called the Eleventh Commandment: Thou shalt not speak ill of any fellow Republican. Its a rule I followed during that campaign and have ever since. When Reagan challenged President Gerald Ford for the Republican nomination in 1976, he declined to attack his opponent. I will not put aside the 11th commandment for anyone, Reagan said in announcing his candidacy. 11th Commandment Role in Campaigns The 11th commandment itself has become a line of attack during Republican primaries. Republican candidates often accuse their intraparty rivals of violating the 11th commandment by running negative television ads or leveling misleading charges. In the 2012 Republican presidential contest, for example, Newt Gingrich accused a super PAC that was supporting front-runner Mitt Romney of violating the 11th commandment in the run-up to the Iowa Caucuses. The super PAC, Restore Our Future, questioned Gingrichs record as speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives. Gingrich responded on the campaign trail in Iowa by saying, I believe in Reagans 11th commandment. He then went on to criticize Romney, calling the former governor a Massachusetts moderate, among other things. Erosion of 11th Commandment Some conservative thinkers have argued that most Republican candidates have forgotten about or simply choose to ignore the 11th commandment in modern politics. They believe the abandonment of the principle has undermined the Republican Party in elections. In a tribute to Reagan following his death in 2004, U.S. Sen. Byron L. Dorgan said the 11th commandment has been long forgotten, regrettably. I am afraid that todays politics have taken a turn for the worse. President Reagan was agressive in debate but always respectful. I believe he personified the notion that you can disagree without being disagreeable. The 11th commandment was not intended to prohibit Republican candidates from engaging in reasonable debates over policy or pointing out differences between themselves and their rivals. Reagan, for example, was unafraid of challenging his fellow Republicans over their policy decisions and political ideology. Reagans interpretation of the 11th commandment was that the rule was meant to discourage personal attacks between Republican candidates. The line between a spirited conversation over policy and philosophical difference, though, and speaking ill of an opponent is often blurry.

The Texas Youth Commission - 2511 Words

TYC Introduction The state agency, the Texas Youth Commission (TYC) administers both directly and indirectly a number of custodial facilities, basically jails for those judged young offenders aged 10 to 21. Those not run directly by TYC are contracted out to firms such as GEO. However based on the Dallas Morning News series of articles both those run directly by the state agency and the contractors are operated very poorly. My research question is â€Å"how do decisions to refer children to TYC facilities and the state of their premises, staffing and operating practices contribute to the abuse of children there and consequently the failure to socialize and control these children in accordance with the norms of mainstream American society†. I will analyze the problem through the lens of sociological theories. While I believe Labeling Theory, Anomie-Strain Theory, Conflict Theory all help to explain contributing factors, I would argue that Social Learning Theory and Social Cont rol Theory are the most salient in analyzing the failures of the TYC. I will argue that the TYC crises results from indiscriminate referral to the program and the corrupt and incompetent operation of it largely due to insufficient funding Theoretical Framework Most people would assume that one of the main purposes of a correction system is in fact to â€Å"correct†Show MoreRelatedCompassion Impacts Wayward Youth1619 Words   |  7 Pageswayward youths. However, politicians changed this with â€Å"tough on crime† policies for election. Many juvenile criminals became labeled as â€Å"superpredators† and were thus deemed beyond any help and were tried as adults. Fortunately, not everyone in the criminal system believes that juvenile criminals are beyond help. Some of the people that believe that there is hope for the juvenile criminal work in the Texas Youth Commission, in particular at Giddings State School or the last chance in Texas. ThisRead MoreA Person al Speech For A Election In The Electoral Campaign779 Words   |  4 Pagespublic school organization and their finance in Texas. Also, they plan every subject that will be taught in public elementary and secondary school. If any change is needed in that program or the school system, this committee will be on charge of that. In addition, this committee is responsible for the good operation of these following agencies: 1 State Board of Education, The Texas Education Agency, The Texas Representative to the education commission of the states, etc. The public education ChairRead MoreHuman Trafficking also Known as Modern Day Slave Trade1669 Words   |  7 Pagespeople who suffer from socio-economic inequalities. In the U.S. traffickers target people such as: runaways and at risk youth. These traffickers encourage their victims to trust them to lure them to a better life with desirable working conditions and safe and healthy environments. In Texas, as well as worldwide, there are laws against this transgression. According to the Texas Penal Code, â€Å" § 20A.02. TRAFFICKING OF PERSONS. (a) A person commits an offense if the person knowingly traffics anotherRead MoreHow to Treat Violent Young Offenders1007 Words   |  5 Pagesreceive treatment,it does more damage than good. For example, John Hubner’s(2005) book, Last Chance in Texas: The Redemption of Criminal Youth, describes how experimental treatments at the Giddings State School in Texas can change the lives of violent young offenders for the better. Giddings State School is a facility run by the Texas Youth Commission for those who have not only broken the law in Texas, but who are also considered to be â€Å"the worst of the worst† (p. xviii). This means that Giddings housesRead MoreSection 1. 1.Charles Macune-. A)Charles Macune Was A President1217 Words   |  5 PagesUniversity Fund refers to the public endowment of two million acres to provide financial support for the University of Texas and Texas AM University. B) Permanent University Fund was important because after the Santa Rica well introduce a massive windfall for the fund, other oil strikes on the PUF land soon appeared. The University of Texas would receive two-thirds of the proceeds, and Texas AM would receive the remander. 4. â€Å"Big Swing†- A) â€Å"Big Swing† was a nickname for a cotton-picking circuit in theRead MoreUnited States Senator For Florida1668 Words   |  7 PagesS., a free market system allows us all to succeed economically, achieve stability and security for your family and leave your children better off than yourselves.† Every year Hispanics search the regions of Texas in search of this very opportunity to better themselves and especially their youth. One such region is the poverty stricken region that is the Rio Grande Valley. It is a region that has begun to accept its current role as nothing more than a region of widespread poverty and undervalued skillRead MoreEssay JFKs Assasination and Possible Conspiracy 1597 Words   |  7 Pagesreaction that sent the entire house into uncontrollable mayhem. The event had that effect on the entire nation. Men and women, Democrats and Republicans, adults and children mourned the loss of their fallen leader. President Johnson, the Warren Commission, and every fascinated watcher-on in the world would closely scrutinize that day and the following events. The facts of the day are still angrily contested even now. Politicians have made their careers on the case. Conspiracy theorists have had aRead MoreJuvenile Courts Essay1689 Words   |  7 Pagesaddressed adequately. Kristin (2009) argues that having the power of enacting laws concerning juveniles is important because the different states have different kinds of environments and different people who lead life in different ways. For example Texas and Oklahoma states have juvenile laws that cannot be applied in New England which has a heavy population. By giving each state power to enact their own laws is a way of enhancing democracy since people make their own decisions on how they want toRead More Possible Solutions to the Youth Violence Problem Essay1547 Words   |  7 PagesPossible Solutions to the Youth Violence Problem The birds are chirping, the sun is beaming down through the clouds, and you can hear the shrieks of excitement from the neighborhood park. Walking down the street, you envision raising your family on this picture-perfect street. As the vision becomes more and more detailed, however, the shot of a gun rings out from the distance. You duck behind a parked car, wondering where the bullet came from and why. Looking around, you are shockedRead MoreThe Ethics Of The Texas Foster Care System1141 Words   |  5 PagesDepartment of Family and Protective Services of the State of Texas, have the moral obligation to take into consideration safety of children shelters and foster homes. Morally, advocates for the children should also take into consideration the psychological trauma that the child may or may not experience through being taken away from family and being placed, possibly multiple times, at new places away from everything they know. The Texas foster care system is administered by the state’s Department

Burial Of A Home By Robert Frost - 1482 Words

Burial of a Home Robert Frost’s poem â€Å"Home Burial,† written in 1914, centers around the conversation of a married couple whose relationship is struggling after the death of their young child. A duality in meaning exists in the poem’s title, â€Å"Home Burial,† which references not only the death of their child but also the death of their marriage. Is the child’s death the sole cause of their marital distress? Robert Frost opens the poem in the couple’s home with the husband watching as his wife, Amy, begins to descend the staircase (1-2). After a few verses, the audience has become witnesses to the marriage’s descent into nothingness. The child’s grave lies forever in the background, framed by a small window at the top of the stairs (Frost 24-31). In Robert Frost’s â€Å"Home Burial†, the marriage of Amy and her husband is irreparable due to differences in expression, acceptance, and perception. The couple’s differences in expression have added to the breakdown of their marriage. Amy and her husband express their grief differently. The audience becomes privy to Amy’s emotional state when she begins to walk down the stairs as Frost writes, â€Å"Looking back over her shoulder at some fear. / She took a doubtful step and then undid it / To raise herself and look again.† (3-5). The movement she makes of removing â€Å"a doubtful step† while raising â€Å"herself† to â€Å"look again† indicates that she is unable to let go of whatever it is that is causing her â€Å"fear† (Frost 3-5). Since the child’s grave canShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of Home Burial by Robert Frost822 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of Home Burial by Robert Frost Robert Frost’s poem â€Å"Home Burial† relates a drama between an estranged man and his wife. He presents a dramatic poem in the form of a dialogue about a couple that argues, differs with their opinions, and separates at the end. The center of the argument is around the death of their child. The poem is rich in human feelings; it highlights the expression of grief, frustration and anger that the couple shares while trying to deal with the death of their childRead More Robert Frost Home Burial - The Three Tragedies of Home Burial1295 Words   |  6 PagesThe Three Tragedies of Home Burial  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Robert Frost’s Home Burial is a narrative poem that speaks of life’s tragedies. The theme of Home Burial† centers around the death of a child. During the time period in which the poem is set, society dictated that men did not show their feelings. Therefore, men dealt with conflicts by working hard and being domineering. Home Burial demonstrates how one tragedy can cause another to occur. The unnamed couple in this poem has lost a baby toRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Home Burial By Robert Frost2109 Words   |  9 PagesRobert Frost’s poem, â€Å"Home Burial† (1914), eloquently intertwines dialogue within the structure of the poem in order to reveal the tensions between the two characters. Having recently buried their only child, Amy and her husband are learning how to grieve and deal with this horrible loss. However, they are learning to grieve separately, which causes distress and makes it look like their marriage is failing. According to William Fish, â€Å"mothers and fathers grieve differently and therefore are oftenRead MoreRobert Frost s Poem Home Burial1248 Words   |  5 Pageshusband is Robert Frost’s poem Home Burial. In the poem I get a feeling that the husband and wife do not communicate very well. From reading the poem I get the sense that Amy, the wife, wants her husband to automatically be aware of what she is feeling and why, however that is not fair. It is impossible for anyone to know exactly how one feels without asking. I can tell by this passage, â€Å"My words are nearly always and offense/ I don’t know how to speak of anything/ So as to please you† (Home Burial, 48-50)Read MoreEssay on Home Burial by Robert Frost1394 Words   |  6 PagesHome Burial, a dramatic narrative largely in the form of dialogue, has 116 lines in informal blank verse. The setting is a windowed stairway in a rural home in which an unnamed farmer and his wife, Amy, live. The immediate intent of the title is made clear when the reader learns that the husband has recently buried their first-born child, a boy, in his family graveyard behind the house. The title can also be taken to suggest that the parents so fundamentally disagree about how to mourn that theirRead More Robert Frost Home Burial - Selfish Misery Essay1662 Words   |  7 PagesThe Selfish Misery of   Home Burial Robert Frosts poem Home Burial is an intriguing portrait of a marital relationship that has gone wrong. Though at first glance it may seem that the cause for the couples trouble is the death of their child, closer reading allows the reader to see that there are other serious, deeper-rooted problems at work. The couples differences in their approach to grieving is only the beginning of their problems. Many of the real problems lie in the wifes self-absorbedRead More Robert Frost Home Burial - A Reflection of Reality Essay923 Words   |  4 Pages nbsp;Home Burial as a Reflection of Realitynbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Robert Frosts Home Burial is a masterfully written work, conceived from his and his wifes anguish at the loss of their first-born son as well as from the estrangement between his sister-in-law and her husband due to the death of their child. In Donald J. Greiners commentary on Frosts works, The Indespensible Robert Frost, it is revealed that Mrs. Frost could not ease her grief following Elliots death, and FrostRead MoreEssay about Analysis of Home Burial by Robert Frost970 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of Home Burial by Robert Frost Robert Frost wrote the poem Home Burial after he and his wife suffered the tragic loss of their 4-year-old son. Home Burial shows the emotions people feel after such a loss, and how they face those emotions. Through Frosts experience he shows that men and women grieve in different ways. In Home Burial Frost demonstrates, through the husband, that in the grieving process men tend to show strength. Throughout the poem you see the husband proceedRead MoreImpact of Death on a Relationship Explored in Home Burial  by Robert Frost1600 Words   |  7 PagesRobert Frosts Home Burial is a tragic poem about a young life cut short and the breakdown of a marriage and family. The poem is considered to be greatly inspired and spurred by the Frosts loss of their first child to cholera at age 3 (Romano 2). The complex relationship between husband and wife after their childs death is explored in detail and is displayed truthfully. Among many others, the range of emotions exhibited includes grief, isolation, acceptance, and rejection. The differences inRead More Robert Frost Home Burial - The Insensitive, Selfish Husband Essays1178 Words   |  5 PagesThe Insensitive, Selfish Husband of Home Burial  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      Even in the closest of relationships, the death of a baby can separate and form a wedge between a husband and wife. Husbands and wives tend to handle the process of mourning differently, not only because of the differences between male and female, but also because of personality and the social molding in ones upbringing. In the poem, Home Burial, Robert Frost gives a glimpse of the conflicts caused by non-communication and misunderstanding

Bill C 51 Rights And Freedom - 1640 Words

Bill C-51 was passed on June 2015 and has since caused a lot of controversy among Canadian citizens. The legislation was created to stop future terror attacks on the country and to slow down radicalization. Instead, Canadians find that the bill strips them of their freedom and promises little improvement to public safety. Not only that, but some also find it dangerous in terms of its potential impacts on constitutionally and internationally protected rights, on the rule of law, and on the health of Canada’s democracy. In the end, this legislation is not only unsuccessful in countering terrorism, but is also counter-productive in that it is reckless, dangerous and ineffective towards supporting Canadians’ rights and freedom. The purpose of this act is to encourage and monitor the sharing of information between Canadian government institutions in order to protect Canada against activities that threaten the security of Canada, but this bill not only fails to fix those flaw s, it recreates and causes more underlying problems without adding any meaningful protection to ensure that the powers it grants will not be abused. The bill allows information sharing across 17 government institutions for a wide range of purposes, most of which have nothing to do with terrorism. After the bill was passed, it has raised serious concerns regarding the potential impact is has on the basic civil liberties of all Canadians. The new legislation significantly expands CSIS’ (Canadian SecurityShow MoreRelatedBill C 51 : Rights And Freedom1626 Words   |  7 Pages Bill C-51 was passed on June 2015 and has since caused a lot of controversy among Canadian citizens. The legislation was created to stop future terror attacks on the country and to slow down radicalization. Instead, Canadians find that the bill strips them of their freedom and promises little improvement to public safety. Not only that, but some also find it dangerous in terms of its potential impacts on c onstitutionally and internationally protected rights, on the rule of law, and on the healthRead MoreBill C 51 And The Canadian Security Intelligence Services Essay1337 Words   |  6 Pagesfor Ontario works, the following is an overview of Bill C-51 and includes issues and recommendations for improvement. Bill C-51 the so-called â€Å"terror bill,† is a controversial political Act that is being proposed under Harper’s Conservative government. This is an â€Å"Anti-terrorism Act† that is causing much argument among Canadians and is promoted as intending to increase security on terrorists who plan to attack Canadians on soil. According to Bill C-51 (2015), â€Å"The purpose of this Act is to encourageRead MoreTerrorism Is Motivated By Fear1599 Words   |  7 Pagescause leaders to create and enforce a nation’s strictest laws, and to spawn debates over the measures needed to ensure peace. Governments frequently devise legislation to prevent terrorism, yet the question always remains: should citizens’ rights and freedoms be compromised to fight terrorism, and, if so, to what extent? Both India and Canada have created legislation to prevent terrorist attacks. Critiquing these laws allows a glimpse into the complexities and ramifications of combatting terrorismRead MoreThe Canadian Court System Sentencing Procedure920 Words   |  4 Pagesnot support the rights guaranteed in Canadian charter rights and freedom and focus on legal guilt over factual guilt. The Canadian court system sentencing procedure see’ over both sides of the story carefully but court focus on proving suspect guilt rather then innocence. Our judicial systems currently have many flaws and it’s clearly noticeable in some situations. There have been a lot of cases where our judicial system failed to provide justice to the victim or guaranteed rights to society. OurRead MoreEssay On Bill C-51999 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"secret† police forc e, censoring our freedom of speech and other changes that are downright unconstitutional. This law which was passed in 2015, requires significant amendments and I will explain to you two of the many points that need changing within Bill C-51. Bill C-51 requires significant revision for it to become a law that benefits Canadians more then it detriments them. The first revision necessary is to reduce the power that CSIS gains in the new bill. CSIS was created with the goal to beRead MoreBill C 51 : The Anti Terrorism Act Essay1838 Words   |  8 PagesBill C-51 also known as the Anti-terrorism Act, 2015, is a bill that was first tabled in Parliament in January 2015. It was introduced to enhance Canada’s original anti-terror laws which were created shortly after the terrorist attack on September 11th 2001 in the United States of America. Moreover, the need to revise and amend these laws became even more evident after recent attacks both in Canada and abroad. In doing so the government recognized the need to adopt a more preventative approach toRead MoreEssay on Informative Speech on Arizona Bill1391 Words   |  6 PagesArizona Bill SB1070. Strategic Order: Topical Main Points: I. Arizona passed a new law which grants the local police greater authority to check the immigration status of people they stop. II. The controversy is whether the Justice Department, Immigration Advocates, and citizens believe this law is unconstitutional. III. States, elected officials and United States citizens support the new Arizona Bill SB1070. INTRODUCTION Everyone look to their left; now look to your right. ChancesRead MoreHuman Rights And The Constitution : Property Rights1388 Words   |  6 Pages†¢ Research essay †¢ 2500 Words †¢ BIBLIOGRAPHY Question 2 – Human Rights and the Constitution: Property Rights The High Court of Australia recently ruled in favour of the Commonwealth government in the cigarette plain packaging case, JT International and British American Tobacco v Commonwealth (2012) 291 ALR 669. The cigarette manufacturers had argued that plain packaging laws constitute an ‘acquisition of property’ (eg, trade marked logos and images on cigarette boxes) not on ‘just terms’. Was thisRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control1356 Words   |  6 Pagesimplemented a series of laws, throughout several decades, restricting firearms and requiring gun registration. Although opponents say that their rights and freedoms are violated by such legislation, the ultimate goal is the safety of the Canadian people. Lawmakers were challenged with the task of preventing violence with firearms without infringing on the rights of law-abiding citizens who use guns for legitimate purposes. HISTORY OF GUN CONTROL In 1892 Canada passed its first criminal code for gun controlRead MoreThe Ethics Of Abortion And Abortion1124 Words   |  5 PagesTrudeau, introduced a bill called the omnibus bill that legalized abortion subject to the woman getting a referral from a doctor and approval from a therapeutic abortion committee (Sethna, 2012). After much resistance from the 2nd wave feminists, the legislation was reviewed in 1988 when the supreme court of Canada made the decision to decriminalize abortion (Johnstone Macfarlane, 2015; Sethna 2012). This legislation often referred to as R v Morgentaler gave women the right to have abortion on request

Aging and Stress Free Essays

This study investigated the source of stress among different cultural groups.   Thirty-four participants both men and women from 65 to 100 years old were interviewed.   The participants were from Filipino, Latino, and Jewish senior recreation clubs. We will write a custom essay sample on Aging and Stress or any similar topic only for you Order Now A grounded theory approach was used throughout the study.  Ã‚   One core theme emerged; people go to senior centers looking for social connections and do not always find them.   The results were consistent with the research (Cussack, 1993); seniors’ centers present opportunities for older adults to develop meaning roles that contribute to the quality of their own lives. One of the implications for TR practice is RT’s have the ability to create positive and healthy changes in elderly participants.   RTs can be instrumental in finding those needed roles for elders.   RT’s can train recreation professionals in communication techniques and group interaction. I. Introduction Many older adults are faced with situations they perceive as stressful. Researchers have identified causes of stress for seniors to include health concerns, loss of family, loss of friends, loss of finances and loss of independence. Many older adults experience unnecessary stress and become used to living a chaotic and unhappy way of life.   If they understood the source of their stress, older adults could begin to manage their lives with positive results. The researcher is seeking to discover the cause of stress in older adults, and if there is a difference among the cultural groups.   It is known that about thirty-one percent, or 9.9 million, non-institutionalized older people live alone (Administration on Aging, 1999). II. Background There is limited research on coping and stress management for older adults with a comparative analysis by culture and gender.   This study compared sources of stress among elders in the following immigrant groups: Filipino, Latino, and Jewish elders. The Filipino group was selected because it is the largest group of Asian elders in the county where the research was conducted. The Latino elders comprise the largest minority group in the county, and the Jewish elders were chosen because many were immigrants who came to America seeking freedom from persecution and the terror of Western Europe in the 1940s and may be perceived to have higher levels of stress than the other two groups. A goal of the researcher, was to provide information for those designing programs for older adults, to assist them in the reduction of stress, and to insure the programs are not only   appropriate to the needs of seniors, but their cultural needs as well.   â€Å"While each group of immigrant elders may have their own unique attributes and circumstances, recreation and leisure activities can help to expedite identity in the new community, (Ward, 2000).† III. Method The researcher gave a presentation and offered a warm-up activity on stress before interviewing the subjects.   Each subject was interviewed individually and asked four questions please see table 1.   The grounded theory methodology (Strauss Corbin, 1994), a form of qualitative research was selected for this study because of the usefulness in categorizing empirically collected data to build a general theory to fit the data. The primary research question was: what is the source of stress among Filipino, Latino and Jewish elders?   The sampling strategy used was snowball or chain sampling. IV. Participants The subjects for this study included males and females.   The groups were comprised of: twelve Jewish females, ten Latina females, and eleven Filipino females’ ages 60 to 100 years old.   The male subjects consisted of six Jewish males, eight Latino males, and nine Filipino males, ages 60 to 85 years old. See table 2.   The sample was drawn from three recreational clubs; one multipurpose center with a variety of cultural clubs and groups with one serving primarily Jewish elders.    In the study, one senior center was a traditional multi-purpose facility operated by a large urban city (pop. 461,522) in Los Angeles County, and a private non-profit Jewish community center offering diverse programming and activities for individuals of all ages. How to cite Aging and Stress, Papers

Music Business Essay Example For Students

Music Business Essay The music publishing industry at a glance would seem to be those who print sheet music, method books, lead sheets, and all of the texts or notated music that musicians (and those aspiring to be musicians) use. Years ago, this was what most music publishers did, but as the industry has evolved the process that become much more complex. Music is not just ink and paper, intellectual material and property to the individual who writes it. Therefore the song does not become a song when it is written down. This is not an easy concept to grasp because the song by itself has no physical makeup. A song could exist once it is played for the first time, and songs can even exist inside the mind of a songwriter. This concept is why the publishing business can be so complex; we are dealing with intellectual property. The heart of the music publishing business lies in the rights to the original music. After the music is successful enough to financially support itself the music is printed in mass quantities in a variety of ways. This could be everything from guitar tabs to choral arrangements for a junior high choir. The publishers main source of income is through record royalties, performance royalties received from companies like the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP), Broadcast Music Incorporated (BMI), and the Society of European Stage Authors and Composers (SESAC) for performances of music copyrighted by the publisher. These royalties could be from many different types of performances but most are though radio and songs on television. The success of a songwriter lies in the greatly in the hands of his/her publisher. Normally we hear of a bands success when they are signed with a record deal, but most record companies not only produce and promote an album, they also act as the publisher who, when contracted, owns the rights to the music. When a publisher own the song it is put in to their catalog. Merchandise retailers have catalogs of their goods just like publishers have a catalog of songs that they own rights to. Publishing firms such as Warner/Chappell, BMG Music, MCA Music, and Sony music have catalogs of many styles of music. These companies are referred to as full-line companies. A broad repertoire allows them to market their music to many audiences. Most of these full-line companys roots can be traced back to the music of Hollywood and the show music of Broadway. Publishers today may have thousands of songwriters in its catalog including all styles of music from around the globe. Representative Warner/Chappell owns, administers, or sub-publishes more that a million copyrights here and abroad. Todays full-line publishers have many different divisions to their company. Large publishers handle virtually every aspect of a writers music, its recordings, distribution, sales, promotion, advertising, touring, and legal affairs. This figure lays out all the divisions a full-line publisher may have. The administration division is the division that handles the operations of the firm. All business affairs go through administration. When money is received from or paid to customers the firm the accounting divisions keeps all the financial records of these kinds of operations. The accounting division also would handle loans given to artist that are signed to the firm under the publishers record label. When a band records an album under a label they become a liability to the label because money has to be spent to record, produce and promote a artists music. Full-line publishers front this money and all profits from the artist come back and are split 50-50 with the publisher and the writer. If the artist maintains the rights to their songs the record contract will include a controlled composition clause that calls for a reduced mechanical royalty paid to the artist by the record label. This clause may reduce the royalty split to 75-25, the larger portion going to the record label. This clause would not be insisted to artists who place the full rights to works in the hands of the record companys publisher. The artist remains a liability to the publisher as long as the artist has not made as much money as was invested into them by the publisher. An accountant usually handles the royalty department, which is money received from performances of the copyrighted music. This financial person will also handle normal operations such as payroll, accounts payable/receivable, insurance, purchasing and other financial operations. The copyright department may have one or more people in this division. This department is responsible for a number of tasks. Some of these important tasks are to: 1. Conduct a title search. The copyright department first determines who owns the work. Just because an artist claims to have written a song does not give him rights to it. This may be a complicated process, which is why many publishers stay away from music that is sent blindly to them for review. Legal disputes between the publisher and the writer could result and end up in court, which can be a long and costly process. Other issues that add to the complication are co-authors to the music, previous publishers, revision to music or lyrics, and many more. When the copyright department has performed this research, a copyright attorney can answer remaining questions. Depending on the demand of this type of attorney to the firm, the firm may hire one full time for these affairs. 2. Registering claims of copyright. This is done to make the copyright official, which may cost about twenty dollars for a song. 3. Handle the mechanical, and synchronization licenses of the music. Mechanical licenses are issued to artists for the recording of a copyrighted work. Synchronization licenses are issued for the use of copyrighted works in firms. This may be done through the Harry Fox agency, or may be handled through the copyright department. 4. Keeping current records of all copyrights owned by the publisher. This includes the renewal, extensions, sales, or abandonment of existing copyrights. Copyrights do have a time limit, so the need to watch where they stand in time is important to the life of the work. There may be a specific department for business affairs that deal with the legal operations of the firm. The publisher may have staffed lawyers and attorneys in this department that study the copyright laws and take legal action for the breaking of copyright laws, or the negotiating of new laws. If the publisher does not have the demand for a full time lawyer or attorney, they may be hired from outside firms. The acquisitions division is responsible for contracting writers and purchasing other catalogs. A representative from the publisher may travel the country to find artists that would bring more business to the firm. Like scouts this person is in charge of artists and repertoire (A R). The A R representative may attend a major event by an artist to see them perform and evaluate whether they would be profitable for the firm. Remember that the publisher splits all profits 50-50; millions of dollars may be at stake at the success of one artist. The acquisitions department is responsible for the purchasing of catalogs of smaller firms. This makes the music publishing industry and oligopoly; an industry controlled by a few large firms. The print publishing division is responsible for task such as editing, engraving, artwork, copying, and the printing of its catalogs music. The signed artists may meet with the editors, and arrangers in this department to prepare the music for printing in a number of different ways. The music would simply be transcribed to a lead sheet, or an entire album could be published in a book with all the chords and guitar tabs for aspiring musicians to purchase. After the music is printed it is then distributed. The promotion division is often the largest of all the divisions in a full-line publishing company. The success of a work is held in the hand of the promotion of the artist and their music. Even artists that do not have outstanding talent or abilities, but have excellent promotion will have more fame than the talented unadvertised artist. The people incharge of these artists success are the producers, managers, and musical directors for not only the records they produce but also the performances they give. Producers in the recording studio deal with the quality of the music and how it sounds the its audience. The musical director may also be present to make decisions about the arranging of music during the recording project. The artists manager is responsible for the personal well being of the artist. The other departments involved in promotion are responsible for print ads, store displays for the album, direct mail to retailers and fans, and any other special events. After all the acquisions, administration, print production, and promotion divisions have performed their responsibilities, the distribution division takes control and begins to put this intellectual, funded, copyrighted, recorded, printed, promoted music into the hands of consumers. The distribution and sales division distributes the CDs, tapes, sheet music, T-shirts, and other merchandise to wholesalers and retailers of the products. These vendors buy in large quantities at wholesale prices. Another distributor of sheet music known as a rack jobber deals with small quantities of music usually less that one hundred at a time. Other distribution may be done through direct mail, catalog and online sales. The final division of the full-line publisher is the subpublishers and licenses. Most publishers will contact different tasks to other publishers who may specialize in print or other services necessary to the artist but not provided by the primary publisher. The most common service performed by subpublishers is printing. Companies like Hal Leonard, Inc. and Warner/Chappell are two of the largest print publishers. In these kind of contracts the printer acts as the licensee and bare the full cost of printing and distributing while the licensee pays the licensor a royalty on sales of up to twenty percent of the wholesale cost. In this situation the licensee acts as selling agent. The administration, acquisitions, print production, promotion, distribution and sales, and subpublishing all make up these full-line publishing firms industry. Some companies may specialize in a certain areas, but all are necessary to make money in the end. The Double Helix EssayThe Internet is the way of the future in a big way in the music industry and this exclusive rights leaves it open to change in the digital domain. The provisions that apply to the songwriter also apply to the publisher and all the divisions of the full-line publisher. The recording industry is fighting one of the biggest disputes in music history because of the way that our industry is changing with the evolution of the Internet. Napster, an Internet site that acts as the middleman for the sharing of music over the web. Napster claims that they arent responsible for the rights not being paid for this shared music because they do not actually touch the music. They provide a way for one user to look into another users personal computer and download audio files from their computer for free. Napter is facilitating the stealing of this music by providing this open door to users and bypassing the paying of rights to the artists and publishers of the music. The policies of music licenses being reexamined will allow the law to shape to this dispute and pay those who own the rights to the music. In this subject we also include the fair use of copyrighted material. The law gives guidelines to what is considered fair use for this material. The act list the criteria for a fair use that includes: 1. The purpose or character of the use, including whether such uses is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes. 2. The nature of the copyrighted work 3. The amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole 4. The effect of the use on the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work There are exceptions to certain performances that are included in the fair use portion of the act. (1) The performance or display of a work by instructors or pupils in the course of face-to-face teaching activities of a nonprofit educational institution. (2) Performance of a nondramatic literary or musical work, display of work, by or in the course of transmission. These two uses allow students to study music for more that a hobby, but for a preparation for their careers upon graduation. This is a great resource for colleges to be able to teach and perform music and art for free as a fair use. In the music industry there are three organizations that dominate the performance rights collection. These organizations are responsible for collecting royalties from clubs, concert halls, stadiums, bars, colleges, airlines, or any business or group that uses music to promote business for themselves. The money collected from these businesses is dispersed to publishing companies that split the profits with the songwriter. These performance rights organizations will take legal action against the venues that do not purchase the appropriate licenses for the uses of the copyrighted music. Some examples of licenses include mechanical, performance, special uses, synchronization and grand rights. The first performance rights organization established in 1914 is the American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers (ASCAP). ASCAPs income is derived from the following places in the music industry: 1. 20% to 25% from reciprocating foreign licensing organizations. 2. About half from television stations and networks 4. Annual fees are figured on a small percentage of the adjusted gross income Membership of ASCAP is comprised mostly of composers and lyricists of Broadway shows, movie musicals, and pop songs. To become a member of ASCAP you must have at least one song commercially recorded, available on rental, or performed in media licensed by the society. ASCAP has a board of twelve writers and twelve publishers. In weighting performances ASCAP takes into account the following: 1. The medium in which the performance takes place 2. The weight of the station on which the performance is carried 3. The weight of a television network The organization pays its members on the basis of census and sample surveys of performances. These are usually done at random at places that have commercial airplay. The data is then figured on an average and royalties are paid based on the average. Broadcast Music Inc. is set up different from ASCAP in its financial structure. BMI is owned by stockholders. Its board of directors consists of those who own shares in the company; several hundred people. The affiliates of BMI are songwriters from genres including jazz, rhythm and blues, country, rock, gospel and much more. Unlike ASCAP, BMI has no members, but has writer and publisher affiliates. BMI accepts those who have written a musical composition and have recorded or performed the work commercially. BMI pays higher for songs that originate in a Broadway show or feature film. As the song is play or performed more the copyright owners receive bonus payments of up to four times the minimum rate. BMI has many foreign writers and publishers in Europe and relays on income from overseas greatly. BMI does withhold 3. 6% for servicing foreign accounts. BMI deals with most licenses, as does ASCAP. The Society of European Stage Authors and Composers (SESAC) is the third of the performance rights organizations. SESAC is the smallest of the three organizations. They believe that by being a smaller organization they can meet the needs of their writers and publishers better then the bigger organizations. The other side to this is that it is much more costly to the copyright owner to join with SESAC. SESAC is the technological leader among these organizations. They have a state-of -the-art tracking system which allows them to accurately track the performance and recording of works by its owners. SESAC uses a chart payment system, which makes royalty payments based on chart positions in major trade publications. Unlike ASCAP they do not have a weighing system. The success of the song is based on how high up on the chart it is. ASCAP and BMI operate under court consent decrees; SESAC does not. Each of these organizations has their own strength, and all three are important to the industry. Working musicians can become members of unions and guilds that are respected around the nation. There are many benefits to being apart of these organizations. At a glance one may not like the idea of paying yearly dues to a group of musicians, but the benefits can be immeasurable in the right parts of the country. The American Federation of Musicians (AFM) is a trade union. It is the oldest union in the United States representing musicians that are active in their professional career. Over the year this union has seen decease in numbers because of difficulty in attracting new young members and state and national laws restricting certain kinds of collective bargaining. The union dues can range from one to five percent of union scale wages earned by its members. These dues are used to finance activities all over the nation and locally. The Union provides these musicians with the proper treatment and paid work. Most symphonies are made up from union players. Other organizations include the American Guile of Variety Artists. The AGVA represents singers, dancers, comedians, ice skaters, jugglers, magicians, and others who perform live. The AGVA provides membership to all types of performers from the struggling to the world-famous. The AGVA will negotiate with the venues of its performers. The Screen Actors Guild is made up for actors, singers and even on-screen instrumentalists. All of these organizations are very specific to its members and who can join. A musician may have to be a part several unions or guilds to get the attention he need to succeed. Some of the benefits to being a part of a musicians union are laid out in a Bill of Rights fashion including how union musicians are to be paid: 1. The right to enjoy a minimum wage, whether derived from live performance, royalties, or reuse, that is sufficient to provide a standard of support proportional to the entire investment of time and resources required to secure and perform said gainful employment. 2. The right to safe and healthy working conditions including protection from health threatening theatrical devices, demeaning and exploitive costumes or uniforms, excessive sound pressure levels, substandard travel arrangements, ingestion of second hand tobacco smoke, irrelevant recorded music before performances and during intermissions and the right to reasonable rest periods. 3. The right to equal employment opportunities based on musical qualifications and/or entertainment value regardless of race, ethnic background, age, gender, religion, cultural diversity or political affiliations. . The right to negotiate fairly on ones own behalf with universal recognition and legal enforcement of resulting contracts on agreed terms. 5. The right to ownership of all intellectual property rights as applied to compositions, performances, and recordings by all players and singers as well as leaders and publishers who are already protected. Minimum wage from gainful employment must be sufficient t o pay all necessary costs for life, shelter, and health care in the proportion of 100% for 40 hours weekly invested and directly proportional for fewer hours. This investment of time includes, in addition to hours of actual live performance, those hours spent in practice, rehearsal, preparation, post-production and (when required by the employer) promotion of the event. In absolutely no instance shall this total work investment be compensated for less than federally mandated minimum wages. We can see that union protects and serves the musicians and gives them freedom to pursue their own careers in the performing arts. These organizations create stability for the pursuit of full-time jobs in many different areas of the arts, not only in music but also in the world of theatre and visual arts.

Consumer Behaviour on the Ban of Plastic Bags-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theConsumer Behaviour on the Ban of Plastic Bags. Answer: Peer reviewed The increasing environmental problems have connected the consumers to become responsible towards the environment but it has been observed that there has been often divergence of attitude and behaviour among the consumers. There has been increasing consumption of plastic bags among the consumers that have ended in endangering the sustainability of environment. In Germany, it has been found that people are very responsible towards their consumption pattern but there is a difference in the expectation and the reality. The study revealed that there is a gap on the various influencing factors that affects the sustainability of the environment. This is the attitude and behaviour of the people that is concerned with the decision making ability of the consumers. These factors are consumption pattern or the over loaded information (Mhlthaler and Rademacher 2017). Research article This article highlights the politics of the changing process of consumer behaviour in relation to plastic bags. There have been changes in the legislations and the policy frameworks due to the increasing concern of the environmental sustainability. However, changes in the behaviour of the consumers have also been evident. From a survey it has been found that consumers are ready to go away with the use of plastics only when they are provided with certain alternative options. Thus, there is discouraging impulsive purchase behaviour evident among the consumers. Consumers do not want to be the only crusader in the process but they want the government to take better action against the issue. The concept of green consumers has been accepted among the consumers but the manufacturers and the retailers should make greener choices as well (Ritch et al. 2009). References: Mhlthaler, T. and Rademacher, L., 2017. The empowered consumer.uwf UmweltWirtschaftsForum, pp.1-14. Ritch, E., Brennan, C. and MacLeod, C., 2009. Plastic bag politics: modifying consumer behaviour for sustainable development.International Journal of Consumer Studies,33(2), pp.168-174.