My Most Enduring Childhood Memory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

My Most Enduring Childhood Memory - Essay Example My grandma was a teacher with enthusiasm for music and expressions. They were an extraordinary couple who played has flawlessly. While my grandparents showered unqualified love upon me and caused me to feel calm, they were pleasantly decisive when should have been. Both being scholastics, they underlined the significance of order to me and other grandkids. Simultaneously, they were not dogmatic or unbending in their origination of order. They were both open to discourse and reasonable to reason. Thusly, they generally gave off an impression of being our ally in any event, while denying us an additional hour of TV or an additional scoop of frozen yogurt. My most suffering cherished memory is an occasion that happened during one such visit to the grandparents’. One of the most loved diversions for me and other grandkids is visiting the nearby open library which likewise has a joined park and play area. The library had a children’s corner loaded up with funnies and experience story books. Archies, Hardy Boys, Tintin, and so forth were the staple of our amusement. During one such normal visit to the library, I so desired a version of Tintin that subsequent to understanding it, I concealed it underneath my shirt. I was scarcely 7 years of age, and however feeling somewhat regretful, I couldn’t prevent myself from acting disreputably. Sufficiently sure, the administrator discovered what I had done and was thoughtful enough not to rebuff me without further ado. She rather requested to meet my folks/watchman. At the point when my granddad got back from meeting the custodian, his conduct toward me was at first one of hon orable quietness and harsh ire. In any case, he loose soon and thought of a novel reaction to the circumstance. Thinking back all things considered I understand how marvelously he took care of the circumstance. I was too youthful to even consider being completely mindful of the ramifications of my wrongdoing. Simultaneously, I must be shown directly from off-base and made to carry on more capably.

An Ace Cause and Effect Essay Complete Guide

An Ace Cause and Effect Essay Complete Guide Circumstances and logical results Essay Topics Meaning of a Cause and Effect Essay All items, occasions and wonders †everything in this world is associated. A few associations are clear for us, however we don't have a thought regarding a large number of them. Regardless of whether it’s not noticeable or clear before all else, each cause has its results. One of the composed errands for an understudy is a circumstances and logical results paper. When planning one, an understudy needs to depict one occasion/object/marvel and present its results. In our guide you will discover valuable tips on the most proficient method to compose an expert motivation and impact paper. The objective of this sort of exposition is to enable the understudy to build up their systematic abilities. It is done through investigation and examination of a given choice or occasion and meaning of its outcomes. It implies that your paper ought to be legitimately organized, and show that you know a great deal about the subject you expound on. Through this article understudies express the association between various things. An understudy is to give the procedure of how a choice/marvel/occasion impacts the author themselves, others, and different occasions. When composing a circumstances and logical results paper an understudy not just needs to portray the reason and its belongings yet additionally answer two inquiries Why? what's more, How?. Aptitudes Students Develop When Writing a Cause and Effect Essay Each undertaking has its motivation. Not continually composing an article is a delight. Frequently understudies do it since they need to do it. Be that as it may, the execution of this errand will give you benefits not just as a passing mark. At the point when you manage a circumstances and logical results paper you build up various abilities: Composing abilities. The more you compose, the more endeavors you put resources into your work, the better you become. Authoritative aptitudes. On the off chance that you approach things you have to do when you are composed you improve. Composing this article you will assist yourself with getting increasingly sorted out. How? You figure out how to compose the data you have in a consistent request. You may have heaps of various impacts of one occasion, however you have to place them in the correct succession, characterize the degree of their importance. Such a methodology will enable your peruser to comprehend the subject better. Precision about subtleties. Being mindful to subtleties causes us as a rule. At the point when you manage a circumstances and logical results exposition you don't have to depict things evident for everybody. You should target going further into subtleties and notice what others can't see. This will make your article incredibly intriguing. Target thinking. At the point when you compose a circumstances and logical results paper you should put your feelings and your own perspectives away. Thinking dispassionately is the thing that you ought to do finishing this errand †giving realities and their sensible results. What to Write About Same like different kinds of expositions, this one can tell about anything in our reality. Things, individuals, occasions, activities that encompass you consistently can turn into an extraordinary theme for your circumstances and logical results article. Everything has its reasons and results and it implies you are boundless in your decision of point. A portion of the regions of intrigue include: occasions on the planet authentic occasions legislative issues public activity biological issues innovations connections between individuals family life instruction human services science Circumstances and logical results Essay Structure In spite of expositions may have various objectives and styles, every one of them have a specific structure. Structure is the thing that enables the author to disperse the whole data legitimately, feature key focuses and make the paper simple to peruse. The structure incorporates early on part, body part and end. Monitoring the article structure helps understudies gathering a blueprint of their paper. Diagram or an arrangement assists with holding exacting to the subject of your article and give data organized appropriately. An average layout for a circumstances and logical results article contains: Early on part in which you ought to endeavor to pull in the consideration of your crowd, depict the point you will talk further and present the advantages of your crowd from perusing your article. In this part you give your proposition. Body where you give circumstances and end results of the occasion/wonder you expound on. This is focal and greatest in volume part of your paper. You ought to ordinarily separate into a few passages. Their number would rely upon the amount of realities you have. It is conceivable to utilize various methodologies: first, you name causes first and give their belongings a while later; second, you give one reason and its result, etc. Indisputable part. This is last however not minimal part in your circumstances and logical results exposition. This is the exact opposite thing your perusers will peruse in your article this is the reason it ought to be composed well to leave a decent impression. Taking everything into account you sum up all that you said previously, show the centrality of your subject, and supplement call for activity. Various Outlines It ought to be clear for you at this point making a decent blueprint is the immediate way to composing a triumphant sythesis. All the pieces of the article ought to be legitimately connected and have great thinking. Contingent upon the exposition theme and the materials you have your layouts can be extraordinary. Numerous Causes Lead to One Outcome On the off chance that the occasion you depict had various makes that all together lead one result, your paper diagram will be as per the following: Basic part Body part: cause 1 cause 2 cause (at least 3) Impacts Decisive part Model: Topic: Poor sanitation, infection and half-cooked food as reasons for loose bowels. The results can be extraordinary: from inebriation to death. One Cause Leads to Many Outcomes Regularly understudies are approached to depict one occasion/choice/marvel that caused numerous impacts. I this case the diagram ought to be as per the following: Early on part Body part: impact 1 impact 2 cause (at least 3) Convincing part Model: Topic: Corruption in government prompts country’s overborrowing. The outcomes can be many: decline in compensation, increment in charges, expanded typical cost for basic items, and so on. Different Causes Lead to Multiple Outcomes Another configuration of this kind of article when the point an understudy needs to depict had various reasons that lead with numerous impacts. Such expositions can be fairly hard to compose in light of the fact that an understudy must be quite centered around the subtleties, stick to coherent structure and not miss anything significant. For this situation the framework will be as per the following: Basic part Body part: cause 1 impact 1 prompting cause 2 impact 2 prompting cause 3 impact 3 prompting cause (at least 4) Indisputable part Model: Topic: An enormous number of street mishaps are brought about by smashed drivers. The impacts can be various: street mishap may prompt passing of individuals, their demise will make their family members sadness. A different line of results is that tanked drivers might be fined, detained. A different line of results is the harm to the vehicle. Tips for Writing a Winning Cause and Effect Essay Acquiring new aptitudes and chatting regarding the matter you like can be cool. Be that as it may, procedure of creating a circumstances and logical results arrangement causes worry in numerous understudies. The tips beneath will assist you with remaining cool and facilitate the creative cycle: Separate among circumstances and logical results. It is impossible you won't have the option to separate among circumstances and end results, yet at the same time allow it a moment to perceive what the impetus is and what the outcomes are. Lead research. Whatever your subject is, regardless of how great you know it, you need to direct research. Peruse extra data, discover the assessment of different creators on this theme, attempt to extend your cutoff points and take a gander at the issue at various edge. Sensible associations. The impacts you give must be emphatically and straightforwardly associated with the causes. On the off chance that you are unsure and there are no verifications of the association between an impact and a reason it is smarter to leave it. Make quality your inclination. Break down the profundity and quality of the connection between a circumstances and logical results. On the off chance that it is unclear, do exclude it in your exposition. It is smarter to compose less however give great help to your words, than heap bunches of data without great thinking. Pick your technique. The techniques for introducing data were given previously. See what sort of data you have, what kind of occasion/marvel/choice you portray, consequently you will have the option to introduce data in legitimate request. Travel starting with one point then onto the next easily. Keep in mind, all the pieces of your exposition ought to be associated between one another. Change words will assist you with making the progress smooth: in light of the fact that, due to, coming about because of this, and so on. Give proofs. Every one of your words ought to be bolstered by acceptable confirmations. It isn't sufficient just to state this impact was brought about by this. Try not to misrepresent. Try not to attempt to expand the effect of your exposition by distortion. Give just demonstrated realities. Set feelings aside. In a circumstances and logical results paper you ought not give your own demeanor to something. The point is to give realities and remain objective about your judgment. Adhere to your motivation. At the point when you compose a reason impact arrangement your point is giving your crowd the data about impacts of a specific reason/causes. You ought make an effort not to seek after your peruser in certain perspective. Winning Topics for a Cause and Effect Essay At times point for papers are given by administrators. Be that as it may, quire frequently understudies are allowed to think of the subjects all alone. This can be somewhat upsetting, this is the reason we have arranged a rundown of winning points in various subjects. Great Topics What causes voter lack of concern? What are the impacts of guardians separate on a kid? Would relationships be able to be influenced by fetus removal? What are the explanations behind destitution in America? What makes stoutness increment in the US? Do rough computer games influence children’s mind? What are the impacts of being dependent t

A poetic form for philosophical contemplation Essay

‘The Ode is utilized as a lovely structure for philosophical thought. ’ Compare two tributes by Keats in the light of this perception Ode on a Grecian Urn and Ode to a Nightingale were written in May 1819, a period in Keats’ life which he gave altogether to verse. Both of these sonnets mull over the poet’s moving toward death, utilizing upgrades of what is on the essence of a Grecian container and the melody of a songbird. There are contrasts and likenesses between the two sonnets, and both will be taken a gander at in the exposition. Both of the above sonnets are tributes. A tribute is a type of verse about feeling. First utilized by the Romans and Greeks, the structure was resuscitated in England in the seventeenth century. The structure was famous among the English Romantic writers. A regular refrain of a tribute comprises of a quatrain with a rhyme structure of ABAB and a sestet with a rhyme structure of CDECDE. Be that as it may, Keats would in general be increasingly liberal with his rhyme structures in his tributes. Keats was conceived in 1795 and was the last conceived of the English sentimental artists He got keen on verse through his optional school dean, who acquainted him with Renaissance verse thus the tribute. Both of his folks kicked the bucket before he turned fifteen, so he got comfortable with misfortune at an early age. His most well known arrangements of sonnets were his tributes and these were composed as Keats’ tuberculosis exacerbated in 1819. He kicked the bucket in 1821. There are two principle topics in Keats’ tributes: magnificence and demise. It is evident magnificence is taken a gander at eagerly in Ode on a Grecian Urn, as the urn appears to advise the artist in the second to last line: ‘â€Å"Beauty is truth, truth beauty,†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. Keats right off the bat attempts to mention to the peruser what the urn’s figures consider excellence. They see bliss in magnificence, as they are in ‘wild ecstasy’ to be with ‘fair’ ladies and tune in to ‘pipes and timbrels’. Since they will be young everlastingly, Keats discloses to them this is ‘all ye need to know’, as obliviousness is happiness. Excellence is likewise taken a gander at in Ode to a Nightingale The songbird is like the urn’s people, since it is capable is to ‘quite forget’ the ghastliness of mature age and can perpetually fly free above ‘hungry generations’ of individuals. In contrast to the Urn, its ‘plaintive song of praise fades’ without really helping the creator in any capacity.

Duality in Fahrenheit 451 :: Fahrenheit 451 Essays

Duality in Fahrenheit 451   Dualities are the most rudimentary of examinations, and are the simplest for the psyche to grasp in that all out contrary energies are brought to consideration. These contrary energies subliminally give one a more profound knowledge of the material and intentionally engage. In Ray Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451, numerous dualisms are incorporated both inside Montag and in the outside world that give 180 degree flip-side perspectives, giving the book further profundity and internal importance.   Inside the numerous layers of Montag lay a few inverse sides. For instance, Montag is a fire fighter who consumes books professionally however at home, invests energy understanding books, verse, and other composed material. In spite of the fact that Montag could be known as a wolf in sheep's clothing, he abhors both the perusing and the consuming simultaneously; he experiences a change that makes him love books. People have the ability to change and develop starting with one outrageous then onto the next, some of the time to improve things and now and again for the more awful. Moreover, when Mildred is with Montag, Montag doesn't have affections for her yet thinks about her as she is executed by the bombs. He has both the information that Mildred doesn't adore him and the heart that genuinely minds, yet he knows not how to manage this. His sentiments are abused; it takes a significant occasion (the bomb) to shock them from hibernation.   There are numerous dualisms in the outside universe of Fahrenheit 451. For instance, Montag gets differentiating addresses from Faber and Beatty on how to manage the books and how to be. Beatty and Faber resemble highly contrasting: absolute alternate extremes regardless of what you look like at it. This flip-side of a coin obviously analyzes the book burner to the book peruser, the disdain to the adoration, and it additionally offers the peruser the chance to pick their side. What's more, the fire is utilized to consume houses and books, to crush assets; it likewise is utilized by the outsider men to prepare their supper, warm themselves, and give light to them. The fire has, in itself, two clashing sides which incorporates decimation and safeguarding. The fire gives Montag just as the peruser the understanding that one thing can have both great characteristics and terrible characteristics simultaneously, and that numerous forces can be ruined whenever utilized for negative expectat ions. Duality in Fahrenheit 451 :: Fahrenheit 451 Essays Duality in Fahrenheit 451   Dualities are the most basic of correlations, and are the least demanding for the psyche to understand in that all out alternate extremes are brought to consideration. These alternate extremes subliminally give one a more profound understanding of the material and intentionally engage. In Ray Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451, numerous dualisms are incorporated both inside Montag and in the outside world that give 180 degree flip-side perspectives, giving the book further profundity and inward importance.   Inside the numerous layers of Montag lay a few inverse sides. For instance, Montag is a fire fighter who consumes books professionally yet at home, invests energy understanding books, verse, and other composed material. In spite of the fact that Montag could be known as a wolf in sheep's clothing, he despises both the perusing and the consuming simultaneously; he experiences a change that makes him love books. People have the ability to change and develop starting with one outrageous then onto the next, now and again to improve things and once in a while for the more terrible. What's more, when Mildred is with Montag, Montag doesn't have affections for her yet thinks about her as she is murdered by the bombs. He has both the information that Mildred doesn't adore him and the heart that genuinely minds, however he knows not how to manage this. His emotions are abused; it takes a significant occasion (the bomb) to shock them from hibernation.   There are numerous dualisms in the outside universe of Fahrenheit 451. For instance, Montag gets differentiating addresses from Faber and Beatty on how to manage the books and how to be. Beatty and Faber resemble highly contrasting: complete contrary energies regardless of what you look like at it. This flip-side of a coin obviously looks at the book burner to the book peruser, the disdain to the affection, and it likewise offers the peruser the chance to pick their side. What's more, the fire is utilized to consume houses and books, to wreck assets; it likewise is utilized by the outsider men to prepare their dinner, warm themselves, and give light to them. The fire has, in itself, two clashing sides which incorporates pulverization and conservation. The fire gives Montag just as the peruser the understanding that one thing can have both great characteristics and awful characteristics simultaneously, and that numerous forces can be ruined whenever utilized for negative aims.

Essay Topics - Rocking Essay Topics

Essay Topics - Rocking Essay TopicsBecause essay music topics cover such a wide spectrum of music, no particular topic can be narrowed down to a specific type of music. There are many genres of music and a variety of how music is made.The types of music include pop, rock, jazz, classical, and many other forms of music. If you are writing about a specific genre of music, or even about an entire genre, it is important to mention it in your essay. It would be difficult for an essay writer to say something about a style of music without mentioning that style's name. In fact, some people even write an essay about a musical style without even mentioning what type of music it is.The most popular genres of music are instrumental and pop. Pop music generally contains rhythms and lyrics that are light-hearted, fun, and generally upbeat. Instrumental music generally does not contain vocals but has instrumental melodies with vocals. Jazz was developed as a fusion of many types of music. Many typ es of jazz evolved as an individual style of music.A lot of people choose to use some type of jazz instrumentalist to write their essay topics. Jazz musicians can do all the difficult and complex compositions that other composers cannot do. Jazz musicians have a reputation of being quick and making an original composition on the spot.Popular genres of music include classical, funk, soul, hip hop, R&B, reggae, and many others. Jazz is considered a progressive, contemporary type of music. Rock music has a long history of experimentation and there are many types of rock music including country, classical, bluegrass, metal, and others.With popular composition comes a greater degree of competition among composers and sometimes artistic integrity among composers. All these factors make for interesting essay topics. You might find some of the music topics listed above interesting but they are not really music specific because there are so many different genres.Since the topics are often ve ry general, writing an essay topic can be very time consuming. Your instructor may help you write a topic if they don't know it well enough to give you advice. You may need to give them a clue before they can tell you which topic to write.One of the most important things when writing an essay is preparation. When you know what you want to say and how to express it, it makes the essay easier to write. When you write a topic about something that is unfamiliar to you, you will be very limited in the types of music that you can talk about. In fact, if you are writing about a specific genre of music, it is best to say that genre's name.

The Game

The ‘Game’ So last week, I made a trek out to the school down the street for The Game. This was my first time in all four years that Id been at MIT that I had the chance to go to the game. We started off by visiting the undergraduate party for food galore. My friend, Steph 07 Me and Elyse 07 (I have a weird dancing face) Mitra, Steph, and Me Now the game was one thing, but I think we decided that the more clever competition was in the t-shirt designed specifically for the game. (Disclaimer: These photos are in no way intended to discourage you from applying to Yale.) And WAIT! This really is not just a rivalry of two schools, MIT is in the mix too. MIT has a long standing tradition of hacking the football game. From Wikipedia: The most famous exploit was carried out at Harvard Stadium during the second quarter in 1982, when a Harvard score was immediately followed by a huge black weather balloon, previously installed under the 45 yard line by students from MIT as the letters painted on its side proclaimed, slowly inflating until it exploded, spraying talcum powder over the field (Harvard won, 45-7). This year was no exception: See if you can spot the hack.

Models of Rebellion in 1984 and V for Vendetta - Literature Essay Samples

Problems faced by characters in literature often repeat themselves, and when these characters decide to solve these standard problems, their actions are often more similar than they first appear. This idea is evident when comparing the actions taken by Winston Smith in George Orwell’s novel 1984 and V in James McTeigue’s film adaptation of V for Vendetta. On the surface, their actions are very different. Smith takes a mental, passive approach to his problem, while V takes a physical, direct approach. However, when you look at what the two men did in relation to the societies in which they lived, their actions are revealed as very similar. Both men are patient, tactical, and willing to push themselves just past the limit to the point of self-destruction. They do whatever they can to rebel in the circumstances they are given. Therefore, the contrasting actions taken by the two anti-heroes are not results of their different personalities, but are due to the subtle dissimil arities between the totalitarian oligarchies against which they are rebelling. The governing body in 1984, the Party, does a better job of restraining the general population than Norsefire, the ruling political party, does in V for Vendetta. With the help of the Thought Police, Newspeak, telescreens, and the Ministry of Love, the Party seeks to control not only what people do, but what they think as well. This allows the Party to stop rebellion before it begins. The Party officials also implement the deception of continuous warfare to keep the proles below the poverty line and further remove any thoughts of rebellion. Norsefire, however, was doomed from the start and is bound to be overthrown eventually, since Norsefire’s approach is unorganized and arrogant, and its force of fingermen is easily defeated by V. However, the main reason for this demise is constant internal struggle. There are three rivaling points of view, one from Creedy, one from Sutler, and one from the police force. This division in the upper ranks and state of not being able to share one ideology makes it impossible to have complete control over their population, a flaw which seriously weakens Norsefire. Also, the torture methods are primitive, the party officials do not meticulously control the distribution of goods, and they no longer strike fear into the hearts of the people with the same intensity as they once did, following the first outbreak of the St. Mary’s virus. Simply put, Norsefire allows itself to be easily exploited by fighting internally instead of controlling the people. These subtle differences between the Party and Norsefire are the difference between control and anarchy. Each thing that Norsefire does to control its citizens, the Party does better. Norsefire monitors citizens with cameras while the Party uses telescreens. Norsefire uses fingermen to enforce curfew; the Party has the Thought Police. Norsefire causes a fake epidemic with a virus to which it possesses the cure; the Party propagates a fake war with another super-state. Near the end of the movie, when V is asked how he has not died from the numerous gunshot wounds he sustained, he replies, â€Å"Beneath this mask there is more than flesh. Beneath this mask there is an idea, Mr. Creedy, and ideas are bulletproof.† (McTeigue, V for Vendetta). This quote is significant because it demonstrates that V’s human spirit has not been crushed, and cannot be crushed. V is saying that even when he dies, the idea that he personifies will live on in other like-minded people. It also all udes to the very beginning of the movie, when the original Guy Fawkes is executed for trying to bring about change in the same that way V is trying. This quote indicates one of the reasons Norsefire is not at the same level of control as the Party. The Party seeks to control both actions and thoughts, and until Norsefire does so just as effectively, it is doomed to a fate of failure at the hands of V, Eve, or another counterpart of Winston. Winston’s case is interesting because, even though his rash actions in the latter part of the book can be blamed for his imprisonment, the Party monitors its citizens so precisely that those actions do not alter his final outcome. Winston spends his entire adult life trying to avoid attention from the Party: never partaking in suspicious activities, never expressing his hatred towards the Party, and even constantly monitoring his facial expressions so that his disloyalty is not observed by the telescreens. Although the reader is led to believe that Winston must not have just been careful enough while committing the thoughtcrimes alongside Julia, crimes that lead to his detainment, the Party actually already knew that Winston was a thought criminal. Because of its extensive surveillance, the Party knew of his thoughtcrime when he had a dream in which a mysterious voice spoke to him, seven years prior to the events in the book. The party loyalists were always going to arrest and torture him; they were just waiting for the right time. V, on the other hand, gets away with both figurative and literal murder in his quest to defeat Norsefire. This is due to the shortcomings in the Norsefire system, as opposed to Vs being more brave or having a stronger will than Winston. He is more capable of violence than Winston, but it not his physically enhanced body that allows him to attempt a more direct solution. Norsefire is so concerned with its own affairs, mainly the struggle for power between Sutler and Creedy, that it did not even recognize V as a threat until it was too late. There are far more similarities between Winston and V than there are differences. They both worked in secret for many years prior to their rebellions, both have helpers who support their causes, and both accept the fate of death long before they die. Accepting such a fate is key, because it means that since they are aware of the consequences of their actions they can act as if they have nothing to lose. At the beginning of the novel, when Winston writes in his journal for the first time, the text reads, â€Å"He was already dead, he reflected. It seemed to him that it was only now, when he had begun to be able to formulate his thoughts, that he had taken the decisive step† (Orwell 30). The significance of this quote is that it shows Winston’s feelings after he commits his first thoughtcrime. These thoughts demonstrate his fatalistic view of the world and foreshadow his eventual demise in the Ministry of Love. His mindset in this quote illustrates the type of world that the Party has created: one where when a man writes in a journal, his next step is accepting death. Just as the Party creates this attitude in its people, Norsefire curses V with the mentality that he will die, that he should die. Although we do not have the same insight into V’s thoughts as we do into Winston’s, at the end of the movie it is revealed to us that V knew he was going to die; in fact, dying was part of his plan. The two men are not so similar that if the roles were reversed their actions would have been identical, but their tactics would have been comparable. For example, when considering the type of violence that V uses, Winston admits to O’Brien that he is willing to do worse things than murder. Both anti-heroes are smart, think they know what they can get away with, and are fighting for a better future not only for themselves, but also for those they love. 1984 and V for Vendetta were both created for us as warnings. These works offer an obvious warning, not to blindly put your faith in powers whose true intentions you do not know, and a lesson from each protagonist. Winston warns us that people acting within their means, no matter how noble, are not able to succeed against an exorbitantly controlling government. His life reveals that the key to success for all humanity is freedom of thought and liberty in how one chooses to view the world. However, choices have consequences. V teaches us that although he was successful in freeing the people from Norsefire, when you fight fire with fire, the whole world burns.

11th Commandment - Definition in Politics

The 11th commandment is an informal rule in the Republican Party mistakenly attributed to Presidential Ronald Reagan that discourages attacks on members of the party and encourages candidates to be kind to each other. The 11th commandment states: Thou shalt not speak ill of any Republican. The other thing about the 11th commandment: Nobody pays attention to it anymore. The 11th commandment  is not meant to discourage healthy debate over policy or political philosophy between Republican candidates for office. It is designed to prevent GOP candidates from launching into personal attacks that would damage the eventual nominee in his general-election contest with the Democratic opponent or preclude him from taking office. In modern politics, the 11th commandment has failed to prevent Republicans candidates from attacking each other. A good example is the 2016 Republican presidential primaries, in which eventual nominee and President-elect Donald Trump routinely disparaged his opponents. Trump referred to Republican U.S. Sen. Marco Rubio as little Marco, U.S. Sen. Ted Cruz as Lyin Ted, and former Florida Jeb Bush as a very low energy kind of guy. The 11th commandment is dead, in other words. Origin of 11th Commandment The origin of the 11th commandment is most often credited to former Republican President Ronald Reagan. Though Reagan used the term many times to discourage infighting in the GOP, he did not come up with 11th commandment. The term was first used by Calfornias Republican Party chairman, Gaylord B. Parkinson, before Reagans first campaign for governor of that state in 1966. Parkinson had inherited a party that was deeply divided. While Parkinson is believed to have first issued that commandment Thou shalt not speak ill of any Republican, he added: Henceforth, if any Republican has a grievance against another, that grievance is not to be bared publicly. The term 11th commandment is a reference to the original 10 commandments handed down by God on how humans should behave. Reagan is often mistakenly given credit with coining the 11th commandment because he was a devout believer in it since first running for political office in California. Reagan wrote in the autobiography An American Life: The personal attacks against me during the primary finally became so heavy that the state Republican chairman, Gaylord Parkinson, postulated what he called the Eleventh Commandment: Thou shalt not speak ill of any fellow Republican. Its a rule I followed during that campaign and have ever since. When Reagan challenged President Gerald Ford for the Republican nomination in 1976, he declined to attack his opponent. I will not put aside the 11th commandment for anyone, Reagan said in announcing his candidacy. 11th Commandment Role in Campaigns The 11th commandment itself has become a line of attack during Republican primaries. Republican candidates often accuse their intraparty rivals of violating the 11th commandment by running negative television ads or leveling misleading charges. In the 2012 Republican presidential contest, for example, Newt Gingrich accused a super PAC that was supporting front-runner Mitt Romney of violating the 11th commandment in the run-up to the Iowa Caucuses. The super PAC, Restore Our Future, questioned Gingrichs record as speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives. Gingrich responded on the campaign trail in Iowa by saying, I believe in Reagans 11th commandment. He then went on to criticize Romney, calling the former governor a Massachusetts moderate, among other things. Erosion of 11th Commandment Some conservative thinkers have argued that most Republican candidates have forgotten about or simply choose to ignore the 11th commandment in modern politics. They believe the abandonment of the principle has undermined the Republican Party in elections. In a tribute to Reagan following his death in 2004, U.S. Sen. Byron L. Dorgan said the 11th commandment has been long forgotten, regrettably. I am afraid that todays politics have taken a turn for the worse. President Reagan was agressive in debate but always respectful. I believe he personified the notion that you can disagree without being disagreeable. The 11th commandment was not intended to prohibit Republican candidates from engaging in reasonable debates over policy or pointing out differences between themselves and their rivals. Reagan, for example, was unafraid of challenging his fellow Republicans over their policy decisions and political ideology. Reagans interpretation of the 11th commandment was that the rule was meant to discourage personal attacks between Republican candidates. The line between a spirited conversation over policy and philosophical difference, though, and speaking ill of an opponent is often blurry.

The Texas Youth Commission - 2511 Words

TYC Introduction The state agency, the Texas Youth Commission (TYC) administers both directly and indirectly a number of custodial facilities, basically jails for those judged young offenders aged 10 to 21. Those not run directly by TYC are contracted out to firms such as GEO. However based on the Dallas Morning News series of articles both those run directly by the state agency and the contractors are operated very poorly. My research question is â€Å"how do decisions to refer children to TYC facilities and the state of their premises, staffing and operating practices contribute to the abuse of children there and consequently the failure to socialize and control these children in accordance with the norms of mainstream American society†. I will analyze the problem through the lens of sociological theories. While I believe Labeling Theory, Anomie-Strain Theory, Conflict Theory all help to explain contributing factors, I would argue that Social Learning Theory and Social Cont rol Theory are the most salient in analyzing the failures of the TYC. I will argue that the TYC crises results from indiscriminate referral to the program and the corrupt and incompetent operation of it largely due to insufficient funding Theoretical Framework Most people would assume that one of the main purposes of a correction system is in fact to â€Å"correct†Show MoreRelatedCompassion Impacts Wayward Youth1619 Words   |  7 Pageswayward youths. However, politicians changed this with â€Å"tough on crime† policies for election. Many juvenile criminals became labeled as â€Å"superpredators† and were thus deemed beyond any help and were tried as adults. Fortunately, not everyone in the criminal system believes that juvenile criminals are beyond help. Some of the people that believe that there is hope for the juvenile criminal work in the Texas Youth Commission, in particular at Giddings State School or the last chance in Texas. ThisRead MoreA Person al Speech For A Election In The Electoral Campaign779 Words   |  4 Pagespublic school organization and their finance in Texas. Also, they plan every subject that will be taught in public elementary and secondary school. If any change is needed in that program or the school system, this committee will be on charge of that. In addition, this committee is responsible for the good operation of these following agencies: 1 State Board of Education, The Texas Education Agency, The Texas Representative to the education commission of the states, etc. The public education ChairRead MoreHuman Trafficking also Known as Modern Day Slave Trade1669 Words   |  7 Pagespeople who suffer from socio-economic inequalities. In the U.S. traffickers target people such as: runaways and at risk youth. These traffickers encourage their victims to trust them to lure them to a better life with desirable working conditions and safe and healthy environments. In Texas, as well as worldwide, there are laws against this transgression. According to the Texas Penal Code, â€Å" § 20A.02. TRAFFICKING OF PERSONS. (a) A person commits an offense if the person knowingly traffics anotherRead MoreHow to Treat Violent Young Offenders1007 Words   |  5 Pagesreceive treatment,it does more damage than good. For example, John Hubner’s(2005) book, Last Chance in Texas: The Redemption of Criminal Youth, describes how experimental treatments at the Giddings State School in Texas can change the lives of violent young offenders for the better. Giddings State School is a facility run by the Texas Youth Commission for those who have not only broken the law in Texas, but who are also considered to be â€Å"the worst of the worst† (p. xviii). This means that Giddings housesRead MoreSection 1. 1.Charles Macune-. A)Charles Macune Was A President1217 Words   |  5 PagesUniversity Fund refers to the public endowment of two million acres to provide financial support for the University of Texas and Texas AM University. B) Permanent University Fund was important because after the Santa Rica well introduce a massive windfall for the fund, other oil strikes on the PUF land soon appeared. The University of Texas would receive two-thirds of the proceeds, and Texas AM would receive the remander. 4. â€Å"Big Swing†- A) â€Å"Big Swing† was a nickname for a cotton-picking circuit in theRead MoreUnited States Senator For Florida1668 Words   |  7 PagesS., a free market system allows us all to succeed economically, achieve stability and security for your family and leave your children better off than yourselves.† Every year Hispanics search the regions of Texas in search of this very opportunity to better themselves and especially their youth. One such region is the poverty stricken region that is the Rio Grande Valley. It is a region that has begun to accept its current role as nothing more than a region of widespread poverty and undervalued skillRead MoreEssay JFKs Assasination and Possible Conspiracy 1597 Words   |  7 Pagesreaction that sent the entire house into uncontrollable mayhem. The event had that effect on the entire nation. Men and women, Democrats and Republicans, adults and children mourned the loss of their fallen leader. President Johnson, the Warren Commission, and every fascinated watcher-on in the world would closely scrutinize that day and the following events. The facts of the day are still angrily contested even now. Politicians have made their careers on the case. Conspiracy theorists have had aRead MoreJuvenile Courts Essay1689 Words   |  7 Pagesaddressed adequately. Kristin (2009) argues that having the power of enacting laws concerning juveniles is important because the different states have different kinds of environments and different people who lead life in different ways. For example Texas and Oklahoma states have juvenile laws that cannot be applied in New England which has a heavy population. By giving each state power to enact their own laws is a way of enhancing democracy since people make their own decisions on how they want toRead More Possible Solutions to the Youth Violence Problem Essay1547 Words   |  7 PagesPossible Solutions to the Youth Violence Problem The birds are chirping, the sun is beaming down through the clouds, and you can hear the shrieks of excitement from the neighborhood park. Walking down the street, you envision raising your family on this picture-perfect street. As the vision becomes more and more detailed, however, the shot of a gun rings out from the distance. You duck behind a parked car, wondering where the bullet came from and why. Looking around, you are shockedRead MoreThe Ethics Of The Texas Foster Care System1141 Words   |  5 PagesDepartment of Family and Protective Services of the State of Texas, have the moral obligation to take into consideration safety of children shelters and foster homes. Morally, advocates for the children should also take into consideration the psychological trauma that the child may or may not experience through being taken away from family and being placed, possibly multiple times, at new places away from everything they know. The Texas foster care system is administered by the state’s Department

Burial Of A Home By Robert Frost - 1482 Words

Burial of a Home Robert Frost’s poem â€Å"Home Burial,† written in 1914, centers around the conversation of a married couple whose relationship is struggling after the death of their young child. A duality in meaning exists in the poem’s title, â€Å"Home Burial,† which references not only the death of their child but also the death of their marriage. Is the child’s death the sole cause of their marital distress? Robert Frost opens the poem in the couple’s home with the husband watching as his wife, Amy, begins to descend the staircase (1-2). After a few verses, the audience has become witnesses to the marriage’s descent into nothingness. The child’s grave lies forever in the background, framed by a small window at the top of the stairs (Frost 24-31). In Robert Frost’s â€Å"Home Burial†, the marriage of Amy and her husband is irreparable due to differences in expression, acceptance, and perception. The couple’s differences in expression have added to the breakdown of their marriage. Amy and her husband express their grief differently. The audience becomes privy to Amy’s emotional state when she begins to walk down the stairs as Frost writes, â€Å"Looking back over her shoulder at some fear. / She took a doubtful step and then undid it / To raise herself and look again.† (3-5). The movement she makes of removing â€Å"a doubtful step† while raising â€Å"herself† to â€Å"look again† indicates that she is unable to let go of whatever it is that is causing her â€Å"fear† (Frost 3-5). Since the child’s grave canShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of Home Burial by Robert Frost822 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of Home Burial by Robert Frost Robert Frost’s poem â€Å"Home Burial† relates a drama between an estranged man and his wife. He presents a dramatic poem in the form of a dialogue about a couple that argues, differs with their opinions, and separates at the end. The center of the argument is around the death of their child. The poem is rich in human feelings; it highlights the expression of grief, frustration and anger that the couple shares while trying to deal with the death of their childRead More Robert Frost Home Burial - The Three Tragedies of Home Burial1295 Words   |  6 PagesThe Three Tragedies of Home Burial  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Robert Frost’s Home Burial is a narrative poem that speaks of life’s tragedies. The theme of Home Burial† centers around the death of a child. During the time period in which the poem is set, society dictated that men did not show their feelings. Therefore, men dealt with conflicts by working hard and being domineering. Home Burial demonstrates how one tragedy can cause another to occur. The unnamed couple in this poem has lost a baby toRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Home Burial By Robert Frost2109 Words   |  9 PagesRobert Frost’s poem, â€Å"Home Burial† (1914), eloquently intertwines dialogue within the structure of the poem in order to reveal the tensions between the two characters. Having recently buried their only child, Amy and her husband are learning how to grieve and deal with this horrible loss. However, they are learning to grieve separately, which causes distress and makes it look like their marriage is failing. According to William Fish, â€Å"mothers and fathers grieve differently and therefore are oftenRead MoreRobert Frost s Poem Home Burial1248 Words   |  5 Pageshusband is Robert Frost’s poem Home Burial. In the poem I get a feeling that the husband and wife do not communicate very well. From reading the poem I get the sense that Amy, the wife, wants her husband to automatically be aware of what she is feeling and why, however that is not fair. It is impossible for anyone to know exactly how one feels without asking. I can tell by this passage, â€Å"My words are nearly always and offense/ I don’t know how to speak of anything/ So as to please you† (Home Burial, 48-50)Read MoreEssay on Home Burial by Robert Frost1394 Words   |  6 PagesHome Burial, a dramatic narrative largely in the form of dialogue, has 116 lines in informal blank verse. The setting is a windowed stairway in a rural home in which an unnamed farmer and his wife, Amy, live. The immediate intent of the title is made clear when the reader learns that the husband has recently buried their first-born child, a boy, in his family graveyard behind the house. The title can also be taken to suggest that the parents so fundamentally disagree about how to mourn that theirRead More Robert Frost Home Burial - Selfish Misery Essay1662 Words   |  7 PagesThe Selfish Misery of   Home Burial Robert Frosts poem Home Burial is an intriguing portrait of a marital relationship that has gone wrong. Though at first glance it may seem that the cause for the couples trouble is the death of their child, closer reading allows the reader to see that there are other serious, deeper-rooted problems at work. The couples differences in their approach to grieving is only the beginning of their problems. Many of the real problems lie in the wifes self-absorbedRead More Robert Frost Home Burial - A Reflection of Reality Essay923 Words   |  4 Pages nbsp;Home Burial as a Reflection of Realitynbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Robert Frosts Home Burial is a masterfully written work, conceived from his and his wifes anguish at the loss of their first-born son as well as from the estrangement between his sister-in-law and her husband due to the death of their child. In Donald J. Greiners commentary on Frosts works, The Indespensible Robert Frost, it is revealed that Mrs. Frost could not ease her grief following Elliots death, and FrostRead MoreEssay about Analysis of Home Burial by Robert Frost970 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of Home Burial by Robert Frost Robert Frost wrote the poem Home Burial after he and his wife suffered the tragic loss of their 4-year-old son. Home Burial shows the emotions people feel after such a loss, and how they face those emotions. Through Frosts experience he shows that men and women grieve in different ways. In Home Burial Frost demonstrates, through the husband, that in the grieving process men tend to show strength. Throughout the poem you see the husband proceedRead MoreImpact of Death on a Relationship Explored in Home Burial  by Robert Frost1600 Words   |  7 PagesRobert Frosts Home Burial is a tragic poem about a young life cut short and the breakdown of a marriage and family. The poem is considered to be greatly inspired and spurred by the Frosts loss of their first child to cholera at age 3 (Romano 2). The complex relationship between husband and wife after their childs death is explored in detail and is displayed truthfully. Among many others, the range of emotions exhibited includes grief, isolation, acceptance, and rejection. The differences inRead More Robert Frost Home Burial - The Insensitive, Selfish Husband Essays1178 Words   |  5 PagesThe Insensitive, Selfish Husband of Home Burial  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      Even in the closest of relationships, the death of a baby can separate and form a wedge between a husband and wife. Husbands and wives tend to handle the process of mourning differently, not only because of the differences between male and female, but also because of personality and the social molding in ones upbringing. In the poem, Home Burial, Robert Frost gives a glimpse of the conflicts caused by non-communication and misunderstanding

Bill C 51 Rights And Freedom - 1640 Words

Bill C-51 was passed on June 2015 and has since caused a lot of controversy among Canadian citizens. The legislation was created to stop future terror attacks on the country and to slow down radicalization. Instead, Canadians find that the bill strips them of their freedom and promises little improvement to public safety. Not only that, but some also find it dangerous in terms of its potential impacts on constitutionally and internationally protected rights, on the rule of law, and on the health of Canada’s democracy. In the end, this legislation is not only unsuccessful in countering terrorism, but is also counter-productive in that it is reckless, dangerous and ineffective towards supporting Canadians’ rights and freedom. The purpose of this act is to encourage and monitor the sharing of information between Canadian government institutions in order to protect Canada against activities that threaten the security of Canada, but this bill not only fails to fix those flaw s, it recreates and causes more underlying problems without adding any meaningful protection to ensure that the powers it grants will not be abused. The bill allows information sharing across 17 government institutions for a wide range of purposes, most of which have nothing to do with terrorism. After the bill was passed, it has raised serious concerns regarding the potential impact is has on the basic civil liberties of all Canadians. The new legislation significantly expands CSIS’ (Canadian SecurityShow MoreRelatedBill C 51 : Rights And Freedom1626 Words   |  7 Pages Bill C-51 was passed on June 2015 and has since caused a lot of controversy among Canadian citizens. The legislation was created to stop future terror attacks on the country and to slow down radicalization. Instead, Canadians find that the bill strips them of their freedom and promises little improvement to public safety. Not only that, but some also find it dangerous in terms of its potential impacts on c onstitutionally and internationally protected rights, on the rule of law, and on the healthRead MoreBill C 51 And The Canadian Security Intelligence Services Essay1337 Words   |  6 Pagesfor Ontario works, the following is an overview of Bill C-51 and includes issues and recommendations for improvement. Bill C-51 the so-called â€Å"terror bill,† is a controversial political Act that is being proposed under Harper’s Conservative government. This is an â€Å"Anti-terrorism Act† that is causing much argument among Canadians and is promoted as intending to increase security on terrorists who plan to attack Canadians on soil. According to Bill C-51 (2015), â€Å"The purpose of this Act is to encourageRead MoreTerrorism Is Motivated By Fear1599 Words   |  7 Pagescause leaders to create and enforce a nation’s strictest laws, and to spawn debates over the measures needed to ensure peace. Governments frequently devise legislation to prevent terrorism, yet the question always remains: should citizens’ rights and freedoms be compromised to fight terrorism, and, if so, to what extent? Both India and Canada have created legislation to prevent terrorist attacks. Critiquing these laws allows a glimpse into the complexities and ramifications of combatting terrorismRead MoreThe Canadian Court System Sentencing Procedure920 Words   |  4 Pagesnot support the rights guaranteed in Canadian charter rights and freedom and focus on legal guilt over factual guilt. The Canadian court system sentencing procedure see’ over both sides of the story carefully but court focus on proving suspect guilt rather then innocence. Our judicial systems currently have many flaws and it’s clearly noticeable in some situations. There have been a lot of cases where our judicial system failed to provide justice to the victim or guaranteed rights to society. OurRead MoreEssay On Bill C-51999 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"secret† police forc e, censoring our freedom of speech and other changes that are downright unconstitutional. This law which was passed in 2015, requires significant amendments and I will explain to you two of the many points that need changing within Bill C-51. Bill C-51 requires significant revision for it to become a law that benefits Canadians more then it detriments them. The first revision necessary is to reduce the power that CSIS gains in the new bill. CSIS was created with the goal to beRead MoreBill C 51 : The Anti Terrorism Act Essay1838 Words   |  8 PagesBill C-51 also known as the Anti-terrorism Act, 2015, is a bill that was first tabled in Parliament in January 2015. It was introduced to enhance Canada’s original anti-terror laws which were created shortly after the terrorist attack on September 11th 2001 in the United States of America. Moreover, the need to revise and amend these laws became even more evident after recent attacks both in Canada and abroad. In doing so the government recognized the need to adopt a more preventative approach toRead MoreEssay on Informative Speech on Arizona Bill1391 Words   |  6 PagesArizona Bill SB1070. Strategic Order: Topical Main Points: I. Arizona passed a new law which grants the local police greater authority to check the immigration status of people they stop. II. The controversy is whether the Justice Department, Immigration Advocates, and citizens believe this law is unconstitutional. III. States, elected officials and United States citizens support the new Arizona Bill SB1070. INTRODUCTION Everyone look to their left; now look to your right. ChancesRead MoreHuman Rights And The Constitution : Property Rights1388 Words   |  6 Pages†¢ Research essay †¢ 2500 Words †¢ BIBLIOGRAPHY Question 2 – Human Rights and the Constitution: Property Rights The High Court of Australia recently ruled in favour of the Commonwealth government in the cigarette plain packaging case, JT International and British American Tobacco v Commonwealth (2012) 291 ALR 669. The cigarette manufacturers had argued that plain packaging laws constitute an ‘acquisition of property’ (eg, trade marked logos and images on cigarette boxes) not on ‘just terms’. Was thisRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control1356 Words   |  6 Pagesimplemented a series of laws, throughout several decades, restricting firearms and requiring gun registration. Although opponents say that their rights and freedoms are violated by such legislation, the ultimate goal is the safety of the Canadian people. Lawmakers were challenged with the task of preventing violence with firearms without infringing on the rights of law-abiding citizens who use guns for legitimate purposes. HISTORY OF GUN CONTROL In 1892 Canada passed its first criminal code for gun controlRead MoreThe Ethics Of Abortion And Abortion1124 Words   |  5 PagesTrudeau, introduced a bill called the omnibus bill that legalized abortion subject to the woman getting a referral from a doctor and approval from a therapeutic abortion committee (Sethna, 2012). After much resistance from the 2nd wave feminists, the legislation was reviewed in 1988 when the supreme court of Canada made the decision to decriminalize abortion (Johnstone Macfarlane, 2015; Sethna 2012). This legislation often referred to as R v Morgentaler gave women the right to have abortion on request

Aging and Stress Free Essays

This study investigated the source of stress among different cultural groups.   Thirty-four participants both men and women from 65 to 100 years old were interviewed.   The participants were from Filipino, Latino, and Jewish senior recreation clubs. We will write a custom essay sample on Aging and Stress or any similar topic only for you Order Now A grounded theory approach was used throughout the study.  Ã‚   One core theme emerged; people go to senior centers looking for social connections and do not always find them.   The results were consistent with the research (Cussack, 1993); seniors’ centers present opportunities for older adults to develop meaning roles that contribute to the quality of their own lives. One of the implications for TR practice is RT’s have the ability to create positive and healthy changes in elderly participants.   RTs can be instrumental in finding those needed roles for elders.   RT’s can train recreation professionals in communication techniques and group interaction. I. Introduction Many older adults are faced with situations they perceive as stressful. Researchers have identified causes of stress for seniors to include health concerns, loss of family, loss of friends, loss of finances and loss of independence. Many older adults experience unnecessary stress and become used to living a chaotic and unhappy way of life.   If they understood the source of their stress, older adults could begin to manage their lives with positive results. The researcher is seeking to discover the cause of stress in older adults, and if there is a difference among the cultural groups.   It is known that about thirty-one percent, or 9.9 million, non-institutionalized older people live alone (Administration on Aging, 1999). II. Background There is limited research on coping and stress management for older adults with a comparative analysis by culture and gender.   This study compared sources of stress among elders in the following immigrant groups: Filipino, Latino, and Jewish elders. The Filipino group was selected because it is the largest group of Asian elders in the county where the research was conducted. The Latino elders comprise the largest minority group in the county, and the Jewish elders were chosen because many were immigrants who came to America seeking freedom from persecution and the terror of Western Europe in the 1940s and may be perceived to have higher levels of stress than the other two groups. A goal of the researcher, was to provide information for those designing programs for older adults, to assist them in the reduction of stress, and to insure the programs are not only   appropriate to the needs of seniors, but their cultural needs as well.   â€Å"While each group of immigrant elders may have their own unique attributes and circumstances, recreation and leisure activities can help to expedite identity in the new community, (Ward, 2000).† III. Method The researcher gave a presentation and offered a warm-up activity on stress before interviewing the subjects.   Each subject was interviewed individually and asked four questions please see table 1.   The grounded theory methodology (Strauss Corbin, 1994), a form of qualitative research was selected for this study because of the usefulness in categorizing empirically collected data to build a general theory to fit the data. The primary research question was: what is the source of stress among Filipino, Latino and Jewish elders?   The sampling strategy used was snowball or chain sampling. IV. Participants The subjects for this study included males and females.   The groups were comprised of: twelve Jewish females, ten Latina females, and eleven Filipino females’ ages 60 to 100 years old.   The male subjects consisted of six Jewish males, eight Latino males, and nine Filipino males, ages 60 to 85 years old. See table 2.   The sample was drawn from three recreational clubs; one multipurpose center with a variety of cultural clubs and groups with one serving primarily Jewish elders.    In the study, one senior center was a traditional multi-purpose facility operated by a large urban city (pop. 461,522) in Los Angeles County, and a private non-profit Jewish community center offering diverse programming and activities for individuals of all ages. How to cite Aging and Stress, Papers

Music Business Essay Example For Students

Music Business Essay The music publishing industry at a glance would seem to be those who print sheet music, method books, lead sheets, and all of the texts or notated music that musicians (and those aspiring to be musicians) use. Years ago, this was what most music publishers did, but as the industry has evolved the process that become much more complex. Music is not just ink and paper, intellectual material and property to the individual who writes it. Therefore the song does not become a song when it is written down. This is not an easy concept to grasp because the song by itself has no physical makeup. A song could exist once it is played for the first time, and songs can even exist inside the mind of a songwriter. This concept is why the publishing business can be so complex; we are dealing with intellectual property. The heart of the music publishing business lies in the rights to the original music. After the music is successful enough to financially support itself the music is printed in mass quantities in a variety of ways. This could be everything from guitar tabs to choral arrangements for a junior high choir. The publishers main source of income is through record royalties, performance royalties received from companies like the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP), Broadcast Music Incorporated (BMI), and the Society of European Stage Authors and Composers (SESAC) for performances of music copyrighted by the publisher. These royalties could be from many different types of performances but most are though radio and songs on television. The success of a songwriter lies in the greatly in the hands of his/her publisher. Normally we hear of a bands success when they are signed with a record deal, but most record companies not only produce and promote an album, they also act as the publisher who, when contracted, owns the rights to the music. When a publisher own the song it is put in to their catalog. Merchandise retailers have catalogs of their goods just like publishers have a catalog of songs that they own rights to. Publishing firms such as Warner/Chappell, BMG Music, MCA Music, and Sony music have catalogs of many styles of music. These companies are referred to as full-line companies. A broad repertoire allows them to market their music to many audiences. Most of these full-line companys roots can be traced back to the music of Hollywood and the show music of Broadway. Publishers today may have thousands of songwriters in its catalog including all styles of music from around the globe. Representative Warner/Chappell owns, administers, or sub-publishes more that a million copyrights here and abroad. Todays full-line publishers have many different divisions to their company. Large publishers handle virtually every aspect of a writers music, its recordings, distribution, sales, promotion, advertising, touring, and legal affairs. This figure lays out all the divisions a full-line publisher may have. The administration division is the division that handles the operations of the firm. All business affairs go through administration. When money is received from or paid to customers the firm the accounting divisions keeps all the financial records of these kinds of operations. The accounting division also would handle loans given to artist that are signed to the firm under the publishers record label. When a band records an album under a label they become a liability to the label because money has to be spent to record, produce and promote a artists music. Full-line publishers front this money and all profits from the artist come back and are split 50-50 with the publisher and the writer. If the artist maintains the rights to their songs the record contract will include a controlled composition clause that calls for a reduced mechanical royalty paid to the artist by the record label. This clause may reduce the royalty split to 75-25, the larger portion going to the record label. This clause would not be insisted to artists who place the full rights to works in the hands of the record companys publisher. The artist remains a liability to the publisher as long as the artist has not made as much money as was invested into them by the publisher. An accountant usually handles the royalty department, which is money received from performances of the copyrighted music. This financial person will also handle normal operations such as payroll, accounts payable/receivable, insurance, purchasing and other financial operations. The copyright department may have one or more people in this division. This department is responsible for a number of tasks. Some of these important tasks are to: 1. Conduct a title search. The copyright department first determines who owns the work. Just because an artist claims to have written a song does not give him rights to it. This may be a complicated process, which is why many publishers stay away from music that is sent blindly to them for review. Legal disputes between the publisher and the writer could result and end up in court, which can be a long and costly process. Other issues that add to the complication are co-authors to the music, previous publishers, revision to music or lyrics, and many more. When the copyright department has performed this research, a copyright attorney can answer remaining questions. Depending on the demand of this type of attorney to the firm, the firm may hire one full time for these affairs. 2. Registering claims of copyright. This is done to make the copyright official, which may cost about twenty dollars for a song. 3. Handle the mechanical, and synchronization licenses of the music. Mechanical licenses are issued to artists for the recording of a copyrighted work. Synchronization licenses are issued for the use of copyrighted works in firms. This may be done through the Harry Fox agency, or may be handled through the copyright department. 4. Keeping current records of all copyrights owned by the publisher. This includes the renewal, extensions, sales, or abandonment of existing copyrights. Copyrights do have a time limit, so the need to watch where they stand in time is important to the life of the work. There may be a specific department for business affairs that deal with the legal operations of the firm. The publisher may have staffed lawyers and attorneys in this department that study the copyright laws and take legal action for the breaking of copyright laws, or the negotiating of new laws. If the publisher does not have the demand for a full time lawyer or attorney, they may be hired from outside firms. The acquisitions division is responsible for contracting writers and purchasing other catalogs. A representative from the publisher may travel the country to find artists that would bring more business to the firm. Like scouts this person is in charge of artists and repertoire (A R). The A R representative may attend a major event by an artist to see them perform and evaluate whether they would be profitable for the firm. Remember that the publisher splits all profits 50-50; millions of dollars may be at stake at the success of one artist. The acquisitions department is responsible for the purchasing of catalogs of smaller firms. This makes the music publishing industry and oligopoly; an industry controlled by a few large firms. The print publishing division is responsible for task such as editing, engraving, artwork, copying, and the printing of its catalogs music. The signed artists may meet with the editors, and arrangers in this department to prepare the music for printing in a number of different ways. The music would simply be transcribed to a lead sheet, or an entire album could be published in a book with all the chords and guitar tabs for aspiring musicians to purchase. After the music is printed it is then distributed. The promotion division is often the largest of all the divisions in a full-line publishing company. The success of a work is held in the hand of the promotion of the artist and their music. Even artists that do not have outstanding talent or abilities, but have excellent promotion will have more fame than the talented unadvertised artist. The people incharge of these artists success are the producers, managers, and musical directors for not only the records they produce but also the performances they give. Producers in the recording studio deal with the quality of the music and how it sounds the its audience. The musical director may also be present to make decisions about the arranging of music during the recording project. The artists manager is responsible for the personal well being of the artist. The other departments involved in promotion are responsible for print ads, store displays for the album, direct mail to retailers and fans, and any other special events. After all the acquisions, administration, print production, and promotion divisions have performed their responsibilities, the distribution division takes control and begins to put this intellectual, funded, copyrighted, recorded, printed, promoted music into the hands of consumers. The distribution and sales division distributes the CDs, tapes, sheet music, T-shirts, and other merchandise to wholesalers and retailers of the products. These vendors buy in large quantities at wholesale prices. Another distributor of sheet music known as a rack jobber deals with small quantities of music usually less that one hundred at a time. Other distribution may be done through direct mail, catalog and online sales. The final division of the full-line publisher is the subpublishers and licenses. Most publishers will contact different tasks to other publishers who may specialize in print or other services necessary to the artist but not provided by the primary publisher. The most common service performed by subpublishers is printing. Companies like Hal Leonard, Inc. and Warner/Chappell are two of the largest print publishers. In these kind of contracts the printer acts as the licensee and bare the full cost of printing and distributing while the licensee pays the licensor a royalty on sales of up to twenty percent of the wholesale cost. In this situation the licensee acts as selling agent. The administration, acquisitions, print production, promotion, distribution and sales, and subpublishing all make up these full-line publishing firms industry. Some companies may specialize in a certain areas, but all are necessary to make money in the end. The Double Helix EssayThe Internet is the way of the future in a big way in the music industry and this exclusive rights leaves it open to change in the digital domain. The provisions that apply to the songwriter also apply to the publisher and all the divisions of the full-line publisher. The recording industry is fighting one of the biggest disputes in music history because of the way that our industry is changing with the evolution of the Internet. Napster, an Internet site that acts as the middleman for the sharing of music over the web. Napster claims that they arent responsible for the rights not being paid for this shared music because they do not actually touch the music. They provide a way for one user to look into another users personal computer and download audio files from their computer for free. Napter is facilitating the stealing of this music by providing this open door to users and bypassing the paying of rights to the artists and publishers of the music. The policies of music licenses being reexamined will allow the law to shape to this dispute and pay those who own the rights to the music. In this subject we also include the fair use of copyrighted material. The law gives guidelines to what is considered fair use for this material. The act list the criteria for a fair use that includes: 1. The purpose or character of the use, including whether such uses is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes. 2. The nature of the copyrighted work 3. The amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole 4. The effect of the use on the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work There are exceptions to certain performances that are included in the fair use portion of the act. (1) The performance or display of a work by instructors or pupils in the course of face-to-face teaching activities of a nonprofit educational institution. (2) Performance of a nondramatic literary or musical work, display of work, by or in the course of transmission. These two uses allow students to study music for more that a hobby, but for a preparation for their careers upon graduation. This is a great resource for colleges to be able to teach and perform music and art for free as a fair use. In the music industry there are three organizations that dominate the performance rights collection. These organizations are responsible for collecting royalties from clubs, concert halls, stadiums, bars, colleges, airlines, or any business or group that uses music to promote business for themselves. The money collected from these businesses is dispersed to publishing companies that split the profits with the songwriter. These performance rights organizations will take legal action against the venues that do not purchase the appropriate licenses for the uses of the copyrighted music. Some examples of licenses include mechanical, performance, special uses, synchronization and grand rights. The first performance rights organization established in 1914 is the American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers (ASCAP). ASCAPs income is derived from the following places in the music industry: 1. 20% to 25% from reciprocating foreign licensing organizations. 2. About half from television stations and networks 4. Annual fees are figured on a small percentage of the adjusted gross income Membership of ASCAP is comprised mostly of composers and lyricists of Broadway shows, movie musicals, and pop songs. To become a member of ASCAP you must have at least one song commercially recorded, available on rental, or performed in media licensed by the society. ASCAP has a board of twelve writers and twelve publishers. In weighting performances ASCAP takes into account the following: 1. The medium in which the performance takes place 2. The weight of the station on which the performance is carried 3. The weight of a television network The organization pays its members on the basis of census and sample surveys of performances. These are usually done at random at places that have commercial airplay. The data is then figured on an average and royalties are paid based on the average. Broadcast Music Inc. is set up different from ASCAP in its financial structure. BMI is owned by stockholders. Its board of directors consists of those who own shares in the company; several hundred people. The affiliates of BMI are songwriters from genres including jazz, rhythm and blues, country, rock, gospel and much more. Unlike ASCAP, BMI has no members, but has writer and publisher affiliates. BMI accepts those who have written a musical composition and have recorded or performed the work commercially. BMI pays higher for songs that originate in a Broadway show or feature film. As the song is play or performed more the copyright owners receive bonus payments of up to four times the minimum rate. BMI has many foreign writers and publishers in Europe and relays on income from overseas greatly. BMI does withhold 3. 6% for servicing foreign accounts. BMI deals with most licenses, as does ASCAP. The Society of European Stage Authors and Composers (SESAC) is the third of the performance rights organizations. SESAC is the smallest of the three organizations. They believe that by being a smaller organization they can meet the needs of their writers and publishers better then the bigger organizations. The other side to this is that it is much more costly to the copyright owner to join with SESAC. SESAC is the technological leader among these organizations. They have a state-of -the-art tracking system which allows them to accurately track the performance and recording of works by its owners. SESAC uses a chart payment system, which makes royalty payments based on chart positions in major trade publications. Unlike ASCAP they do not have a weighing system. The success of the song is based on how high up on the chart it is. ASCAP and BMI operate under court consent decrees; SESAC does not. Each of these organizations has their own strength, and all three are important to the industry. Working musicians can become members of unions and guilds that are respected around the nation. There are many benefits to being apart of these organizations. At a glance one may not like the idea of paying yearly dues to a group of musicians, but the benefits can be immeasurable in the right parts of the country. The American Federation of Musicians (AFM) is a trade union. It is the oldest union in the United States representing musicians that are active in their professional career. Over the year this union has seen decease in numbers because of difficulty in attracting new young members and state and national laws restricting certain kinds of collective bargaining. The union dues can range from one to five percent of union scale wages earned by its members. These dues are used to finance activities all over the nation and locally. The Union provides these musicians with the proper treatment and paid work. Most symphonies are made up from union players. Other organizations include the American Guile of Variety Artists. The AGVA represents singers, dancers, comedians, ice skaters, jugglers, magicians, and others who perform live. The AGVA provides membership to all types of performers from the struggling to the world-famous. The AGVA will negotiate with the venues of its performers. The Screen Actors Guild is made up for actors, singers and even on-screen instrumentalists. All of these organizations are very specific to its members and who can join. A musician may have to be a part several unions or guilds to get the attention he need to succeed. Some of the benefits to being a part of a musicians union are laid out in a Bill of Rights fashion including how union musicians are to be paid: 1. The right to enjoy a minimum wage, whether derived from live performance, royalties, or reuse, that is sufficient to provide a standard of support proportional to the entire investment of time and resources required to secure and perform said gainful employment. 2. The right to safe and healthy working conditions including protection from health threatening theatrical devices, demeaning and exploitive costumes or uniforms, excessive sound pressure levels, substandard travel arrangements, ingestion of second hand tobacco smoke, irrelevant recorded music before performances and during intermissions and the right to reasonable rest periods. 3. The right to equal employment opportunities based on musical qualifications and/or entertainment value regardless of race, ethnic background, age, gender, religion, cultural diversity or political affiliations. . The right to negotiate fairly on ones own behalf with universal recognition and legal enforcement of resulting contracts on agreed terms. 5. The right to ownership of all intellectual property rights as applied to compositions, performances, and recordings by all players and singers as well as leaders and publishers who are already protected. Minimum wage from gainful employment must be sufficient t o pay all necessary costs for life, shelter, and health care in the proportion of 100% for 40 hours weekly invested and directly proportional for fewer hours. This investment of time includes, in addition to hours of actual live performance, those hours spent in practice, rehearsal, preparation, post-production and (when required by the employer) promotion of the event. In absolutely no instance shall this total work investment be compensated for less than federally mandated minimum wages. We can see that union protects and serves the musicians and gives them freedom to pursue their own careers in the performing arts. These organizations create stability for the pursuit of full-time jobs in many different areas of the arts, not only in music but also in the world of theatre and visual arts.

Consumer Behaviour on the Ban of Plastic Bags-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theConsumer Behaviour on the Ban of Plastic Bags. Answer: Peer reviewed The increasing environmental problems have connected the consumers to become responsible towards the environment but it has been observed that there has been often divergence of attitude and behaviour among the consumers. There has been increasing consumption of plastic bags among the consumers that have ended in endangering the sustainability of environment. In Germany, it has been found that people are very responsible towards their consumption pattern but there is a difference in the expectation and the reality. The study revealed that there is a gap on the various influencing factors that affects the sustainability of the environment. This is the attitude and behaviour of the people that is concerned with the decision making ability of the consumers. These factors are consumption pattern or the over loaded information (Mhlthaler and Rademacher 2017). Research article This article highlights the politics of the changing process of consumer behaviour in relation to plastic bags. There have been changes in the legislations and the policy frameworks due to the increasing concern of the environmental sustainability. However, changes in the behaviour of the consumers have also been evident. From a survey it has been found that consumers are ready to go away with the use of plastics only when they are provided with certain alternative options. Thus, there is discouraging impulsive purchase behaviour evident among the consumers. Consumers do not want to be the only crusader in the process but they want the government to take better action against the issue. The concept of green consumers has been accepted among the consumers but the manufacturers and the retailers should make greener choices as well (Ritch et al. 2009). References: Mhlthaler, T. and Rademacher, L., 2017. The empowered consumer.uwf UmweltWirtschaftsForum, pp.1-14. Ritch, E., Brennan, C. and MacLeod, C., 2009. Plastic bag politics: modifying consumer behaviour for sustainable development.International Journal of Consumer Studies,33(2), pp.168-174.

Evolution of Fire Protection Codes

Introduction The development of fire protection codes can be traced back to Rome in 64 AD, where fireproof building materials were first used. This is the first fire protection code known to man. Currently, fire fighters employ sophisticated technologies which greatly enhance fire disaster management.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Evolution of Fire Protection Codes specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The development of modern fire protection codes is as a result of response to catastrophic fires rather than in anticipation of such fires. Regardless of these developments, success in fire management seems elusive due to a number of factors. The greatest hindrance towards successful fire disaster management is noncompliance with existing fire protection codes. From the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in 1911 to the Station Nightclub Fire in 2003, investigations reports are consistent; business owners largel y ignore basic fire protection and building codes. Additionally, the investigators report that disaster response time has gradually been reduced due to the improvements made on the fire alarms system. Despite such developments reduction in response time, noncompliance with fire protection codes hinders effective managemt of fire disasters. Regardless of the fact that fire management has improved tremendously, new challenges continue to face fire disaster management. Such challenges include fire started by non traditional causes such terror attacks such the 9/11. This requires fire disaster managers to continuously evaluate the effectiveness of existing fire protection codes.. Fire disasters have led to some of the most horrific property damage and loss of human life. Recurrent fires disasters have led to gradual changes, amendment and improvements on fire protection codes. However, these gradual changes have not led to achievement of success in management of fire disasters. With reg ards to the findings in this research paper, the following hypothesis seems relevant: despite the gradual improvements made to fire protection codes, noncompliance and the challenge of dynamic nature of fire disasters continue to hinder the attainment of successful fire disaster management practices. From this hypothesis, questions arise on why successful fire disaster management is elusive. To answer these questions, it is imperative to evaluate the circumstances that have led to evolution of fire protection codes. Fire protection and building codes The management of fire disasters evolved from the use of rudimentary methods in ancient Europe to sophisticated methods employed in management of fire disasters today. The result of such gradual development is evolution of a complex life and property safety codes. Generally, life safety codes are developed to minimize or totally eliminate the loss of human life as well as damage to property in case of a major outbreak of fire.Advertisin g Looking for research paper on engineering? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Traditional fire protection codes mainly addressed a wide range of issues concerned with management of fire disasters. Such issues range from the ability of materials used in construction to withstand and prevent spreading of fire, adequate means of exit as well as the use of fire protection tools such as smoke detectors and alarms. Additionally, the evolution of fire protection codes incorporates proper planning procedures as well as tenancy elements. These allow quick evacuation of people in case of fire emergencies. While the development of detection and prevention methods as well as quick response systems help to significantly minimize the effects of fire, disaster managers emphasize on absolute compliance with existing fire protection codes. In this regard, compliance with fire protection codes greatly rely on latest technological advancements co mbined with historic codes. This is aimed at improving disaster management practices. It is imperative to state that with time, NFPA has successful separated building codes from fire protection codes, both of which combine to ensure improved efficiency in management of fire disasters. While NFPA building codes aim at enhancing the building architecture to avert a major fire disaster, fire protection codes aim at enhancing early warning, response, fire detection and prevention, preventing fire from spreading and evacuation of victims (Alderson, Artim and Allen 1, 2). The origin of fire protection code and building regulation Even though there is little documented evidence on the origin of modern fire protection codes, NFPA codes trace their origin from 19th century Europe. Evidence indicate that the earliest known fire protection methods were used in 64 AD Rome after the great Roman fire, which gutted Rome and left a trail of devastating effects on both human life and property. As a result, Emperor Nero instructed the Roman architects to develop building regulations, mainly focused on the building materials. As a result, Roman buildings had to be built with fireproof materials. Thus, Rome was rebuild using fire proof building materials. This is first recorded case in the application of scientific principles in enhancing safety in buildings. The fact that there is no previous mention of building and fire protection codes implies that prior to 64 AD there was no effort to manage fire disasters professionally (Cote n.pagn). There are no records of any improvements on fire protection codes between 64 AD and the 17th century. This is largely attributed to the fall of the Roman Empire. It isn’t until the renaissance that any major improvement is done. Existing records show consistency with these assertions since it is only after the great London fire that improvements on fire prevention standards developed in 64 AD Rome is done.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Evolution of Fire Protection Codes specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In 1666, the Great London Fire gutted London destroying more than 80 % of the City as well as resulting to massive loss of life. In response to the fire, architects in London adopted the standards developed in 64 AD Rome, with minor improvements made. Other than building the outer walls with fire resistance materials such as bricks and stones, house partitioning was also done with fireproof materials. This indicates that houses made in 17th century England had improved ability to withstand fire than those build in 64 AD Rome. Additionally, the Great London fire spurred the development of fire suppression techniques. As such, hand-pumper fire apparatus, the first fire prevention equipment to use water, was developed. Hand-pumper fire apparatus was a heavy hand drawn water carrier that sprayed water over a fire, thus extinguishing it. Th us, before the industrial revolution, the only recorded use of fire prevention codes involved the use of fire resistance building materials combined with the use of hand-pumper fire apparatus (Cote n.pagn). The advent of the industrial revolution in 18th century England marked tremendous developments in fire protection designs. This was necessitated by numerous industrial fires which gutted most of the new industries in London. To avert the loss of lives and property, records indicate that concrete, steel and hardened rock were the primary building materials. Other than strengthening buildings, engineers at the time combined these three materials and provided English engineers with suitable solution to prevent rampant industrial fires. Additionally, to enhance the effectiveness of fire protection codes in 18th century England, the first public fire department was formed, underground water mains were installed as well as ready to use fire hydrants. Moreover, between 18th century and early 19th century, fire protection codes mainly focused on specific buildings and the contents therein. This new approach seemed to have been necessitated by the existence of numerous industries, each having unique industrial processes as well as materials under storage. This approach however, gained prominence in the later stages of 19th century after the outbreak of numerous fires within London’s paper and textile industries. Due to poor storage of paper and lint debris and waste, disaster managers faced a new challenge not possible to manage using fire protection methods existing at the time. As such, engineers developed the first ever recorded fixed fire suppression system.Advertising Looking for research paper on engineering? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This involved the use of manually operated water pipes. However, the hazard posed to fire fighters using manually operated water pipes gave rise to the idea of automatic water sprinklers. This is one of the most useful innovations in fire protection engineering ever developed (Cote n.pagn). The growth of fire protection codes As mentioned earlier, NFPA fire protection codes borrow heavily from those developed in ancient Europe, especially Rome and London. Additionally modern fire protection codes are not only developed in response to occurrence of major fires. Some of the most vital fire protection codes have been developed out of critical thinking. For instance, a meeting held in Boston in 1895 involving several parties affected by fire disasters led to the development of improved fire protection code. These authorities included insurance companies, municipal authorities, engineers, property owner and businessmen as well as property insurers. In this meeting, extensive discussions were held, the outcomes of which was the development of Americas fire protection codes. Most significantly, businessmen and property owners adopted automatic water sprinklers as a significant fire protection technique. The adoption of water sprinklers came as a result of increased pressure from property underwriters who felt that they were loosing a lot of money from fire disasters. As a result, underwriters realized that by involving engineers and business owner in active management of fire disasters, not only would the risks be evenly spread but also losses minimized. As such, underwriters required engineers, business owners as well as local authorities to take more responsibility in managing and prevention of fires by installing automatic water sprinklers. Within this period, the National Fire Protection Association, NFPA was formed and mandated with the responsibility of overseeing fire protection activities within the entire country. European influence in America fire preventio n methods was rekindled in 1904 when a London fire insurer, John Smith joined NFPA membership. Such a move is perceived as the first effort in building consensus on the use of science based fire protection codes (NFPA 1 to 3). There are notable improvements in fire protection codes for the period leading up to the 20th century. It is imperative to note that before the 20th century, fire protection codes focused on managing and suppressing fires, with little effort made to prevent the occurrence of major fires. This implies that, before the 20th century, the concept of fire prevention was largely perceived as any effort assisting fire fighters to prevent and suppress fires. However, the beginning of the 20th century marked a critical period in the evolution of fire protection codes in America. From this period onwards the concept of fire prevention assumed a different perspective. In March 25 1911, a fierce fire broke out in The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory located in New York. As a r esult of this fire, 146 garment workers lost their lives instantly and hundred others fatally injured. Additionally, property worth millions of dollars was destroyed. The damage resulting from The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire seems negligible compared to previous fires such as the great London fire and the great Roman fire. However, the rise of human rights activism especially concerning the plight of workers magnified the need to improve fire protection methods in factories. The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire attracted the attention of not only the state and federal authorities but also human rights activists, scholars as well as labor unions. This contributed to the significance that this fire had towards the evolution of fire protection codes (NYCOSH 1). The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire exposed various failures of not only the fire protection codes but also building codes existing at the time. As mentioned earlier, prior to this catastrophic event, NFPA’s concept of fire prevention focused on fire suppression rather than fire prevention. Additionally, the condition at The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory reveals lack of precautionary and fire disaster management measures. It is assumed that the fire started as a result of a cigarette stump dumped in garbage heap containing two months accumulation of garment waste. While smoking was prohibited inside the factory, most of the workers were known to sneak in cigarettes and smoke during while working. This indicates noncompliance by both the workers and company owners. Moreover, the accumulation of two months worth of flammable garment waste portrays noncompliance and ignorance of fire hazards on the part of the company’s administration. As a result of The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire, the Fire Prevention Act of 1911 was drafted and enacted. The Act enabled the setting up of the factory investigation commission whose primary focus was improvement of fire protection techniques, routine safe ty inspection and the general improvement of factory conditions (NYCOSH 2). Even though previous fire protection codes required that buildings be fitted with automatic fire sprinklers, the Fire Prevention Act of 1911 made it mandatory for all factory buildings to be fitted with automatic sprinklers. Additionally, the Act made it mandatory for regular maintenance and inspection of fire protection mechanisms within factories and other public buildings. Investigators reports indicate that most of the 146 deaths from The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire occurred due to lack of an alarm system within the building. At the time of the fire, an office telephone was the only means of raising public alarm incase of a disaster. However, Fire Prevention Act of 1911 required that all factories be fitted with a working alarm system. With regards the existing building architecture at the time of the fire, the NFPA code for means of egress required that all buildings have safe and prompt escape rou tes for occupants in case of a major disaster, all clearly marked with exit signs readable in heavy smoke. However, despite the presence of adequate doors for worker to use as exits, company owners had made the exit inaccessible by locking all doors during working hours. Additionally, the stairways and safety exits were made of flammable materials. As a result, they crumbled under fire making exit impossible. However, as required by the Fire Prevention Act of 1911, NFPA building codes made it mandatory for all buildings to have exits made of fireproof materials. Additionally, not only should buildings have safe and adequate means of egress but also easily accessible as well as allow for prompt escape from the building (Gerber 2 to 4). After The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire, fire disaster managemt was almost obscured by the two world wars. However, within this period, there were significant improvements on fire alarm systems. During this period of time, the fire alarm systems imp roved from a simple bell with a thermostat connected to water flow switches to sophisticated fire and smoke detectors. However, one of the most historic fires in the US history, the Coconut Groove Night Club Fire which occurred in 1942, casts doubts on efforts by business owners to comply with exiting fire protection codes. While the building had stairways and walls made of nonflammable materials, the Coconut Groove Night Club had not complied with exit requirements. After The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire, NFPA required that engineers provide adequate and prompt emergency exit routes. However, the analysis of the conditions prior to Coconut Groove Night Club Fire indicate no adequate and prompt exist routes available. Investigators found only one revolving door as the only means of exit. Additionally, investigators found that few escapees used toilet windows and a concealed back door to escape. Moreover, the use of highly flammable decoration materials aided the quick spread of the fire. Even though the alarm system worked well and alerted the fire response team in due time, investigators report that more than 300 lives would have been saved if club owners had completely complied with existing safety codes, especially on the provision of adequate means of exit (Moulton 5 to 8). As a result of the Coconut Groove Night Club Fire, NFPA amended the its building codes that had been developed after the infamous Iroquois Theater fire of 1903 (which had banned the use of flammable decorations in public buildings). NFPA amendments required two separates means of egress, in form of swinging doors that swings with the crowd as opposed to against the crowd. NFPA also required revolving doors to be flanked by swinging doors as well as adequate rails to provide support and prevent people from falling over each other (Moulton 13 to 16). 30 years after the Coconut Groove Night Club Fire business owners had not fully complied with NFPA fire protection code and building sta ndards. In 1977, a wild fire burned Beverly Hills Super Club, and with it more than 160 patrons and workers. The construction of Beverly Hills Super Club took many years to complete. The club’s walls, stairways, roof and floors were made of noncombustible materials such as steel and concrete bricks. However, interior decoration was done using plywood, lumber, wood and drapery, all highly combustible materials. Additionally, investigators found water pipes as the only available form of fire protection at the time of the event. Engineers had not installed automatic sprinklers, alarm systems or standpipes. Despite having eight means of exit, many people died as a result of inadequate exit arrangements, overcrowding, use of flammable building materials, lack of fire sprinklers and alarms, as well as delayed discovery and response of the fire outbreak. As a result of such failures, NFPA 1981 amendments categorized night clubs as places of assembly occupancy. In addition, NFPA amen dment required place of assembly occupancy holding 300 people installed with automatic sprinklers as well as voice message enabled alarm systems. Such an alarm would be connected to the local fire station and thus reduce response time (Duval 8 to 16). Yet, despite NFPA’s requirements, later fires expose ignorance of NFPA building and fire protection codes. In 2003, the Station Nightclub Fire exposed widespread ignorance of NFPA building and fire protection codes. Investigators found that engineers had used combustible materials in the construction of the Station Nightclub, including interior decorations. Additionally, egress arrangements largely violated NFPA building codes. Despite having illuminated exit signs only few outward swinging exit doors were available. Moreover, an obstructing rail corridor ran against the main exit making quick escape impossible. With regards to fire protection, investigators found portable fire extinguishers instead of automatic water sprinklers . The club also had been installed with working alarm systems as well as heat and smoke detectors, yet not connected to local fire stations. As a result of the Station Nightclub Fire, NFPA code 255 required building materials to be tested for fire propagation abilities. As such, Class A materials, which have no ability to propagate fires, were highly recommended for use in assembly occupancy buildings which hold more than 300 people. Additionally, NFPA 255 code banned the use of pyrotechnics in places of assembly occupancy as well as construction of obstruction free exits. This is in addition to the expansion of the main exit point to accommodate at least two-thirds of the total occupancy load. Places for assembly occupancy were also required to have trained crowd control managers at the ratio of 1:250, to aid quick exit during emergencies. Since all previous cases involve violations of NFPA building and fire protection codes, NFPA 2008 amendment made it a felony for business owners to violate these codes. Additionally, the amendment empowered access to buildings for fire safety inspectors at anytime (Duval 24 to 32). The Coconut Groove Night Club Fire spurred extensive investigations, the result of which is the evolution of performance based fire protection designs. This approach was motivated by peculiar findings at the scene of The Coconut Groove Night Club Fire, in which most of the fire burned the roofs and upper parts of the walls, while leaving much of the floor and fallen chairs totally undamaged. Investigators found very high air temperatures inside The Coconut Groove Night Club due to overcrowding. Additionally, the combination of flammable alcohol fumes hovering over the crowd fueled the fire. These findings by NFPA investigators corroborate assertions by doctors who responded to the emergency that many people succumbed to inhaling hot toxic air and related respiratory problems (Beller and Sapochetti 86 to 92). As result, NFPA required that public b uildings have proper ventilation as well as standby respiratory protective equipment (Commission for Occupational Safety and Health 13). Personal protective equipment and their effects By 1930s, records indicate the impossibility of fighting fires from inside a burning building due to lack of personal protective equipment, PPE. However, as Hasenmeier (n.pag) explains the earliest known PPE was a leather helmet used by fire fighters in the 1830s. However, this type of clothing did not insulate fire fighters from extreme heat conditions, and thus less effective. Events at The Coconut Groove Night Club Fire highlighted the need for improved protective fire fighting equipment, especially to protect fire fighters from heat stress and intoxication. This assertion corroborates FEMA‘s findings on cases such as 1990 Sedgwick County fire, the 1999 Santa Barbara fire, California wild forest Fire in 1990 and 1997 La Cima Fire, which indicates that almost half of fire fighters fatalities a re as a result of heat stress, intoxication and exertion, emanating from bearing much weight from PPEs especially clothing, during fire fighting events (FEMA 6 to 10, 26 to 28). As a result of these fires, fire protection codes have been amended to incorporate the use of appropriate PPE to protect fire fighters. Fire protection codes require fire fighters to be equipped with adequate PPEs such as helmets, boots, overalls, gloves, inhalers, face masks among others. NFPA requires that these equipments be made from fire and heat resistant materials. The main purpose is to allow fire fighters to enter burning buildings and extinguish fire from inside. However, as evidenced from 1990 Sedgwick County and other fires, fire and heat resistant clothing has negative effects on fire fighters. Fire fighters are not able to loose heat through the natural heat loss mechanism. In strong heat conditions, much heat is trapped inside the cloths and not lost to the surrounding atmosphere. Thus, the fi re fighters easily succumb to heat stress. Therefore, NFPA’s â€Å"Standard on Protective Ensembles for Structural Fire Fighting and Proximity Fire Fighting† requires all fire fighter to use PPE’s that meets all thermal regulations as well as minimum weight requirements. However, in non-fire events, such clothing seems unable to facilitate normal body heat loss since the cloths are made of non-breathable moisture and heavy thermal materials, which increases body temperatures to dangerous levels. Thus, NFPA 2000 and 2007 amendments require limited exposure to extreme heat conditions combined with regular interval rotation of fire fighters during fire fighting events. Additionally, NFPA 2000 and 2007 amendments demand the manufacture of PPEs with material that has high total heat loss value to minimize the chances of heat stress (FEMA 30). Conclusion The elusive success in management of fire disasters should however, not take anything away from improvements made t o fire protection codes. Valuable improvements have been made to traditional fire protection methods resulting to sophisticated fire protection codes. However, success in the management of fire seems elusive due to the combination of noncompliance and the challenge of complexity and dynamic nature of fires disasters. The evolution of fire protection codes and the use of latest technologies significantly improve combating major fires. However, fire disaster managers continue to face the new challenges that cannot be addressed through already existing codes. Such challenges include the threat of terrorism and fires that might start as a result of such causes as terror attacks. Additionally, each fire occurs under unique conditions and thus needs unique solutions to combat. This makes the development of new fire protection codes before a fire breaks out a near impossibility. Therefore, the management of fire disasters is a continuous process with no concrete solutions. Works Cited Alde rson Caroline, Nick Artim and Rick Allen. Fire Safety Retrofitting. n.d. Web. Beller, Doug and Jennifer Sapochetti. â€Å"Searching For Answers To The Cocoanut Grove Fire Of 1942†. NFPA Journal (2000): 86 – 92. Web. Commission for Occupational Safety and Health. Codes of Practice First Aid Facilities and Services Workplace Amenities and Facilities Personal Protective Clothing and Equipment. 2002. Web. Cote, Arthur. History of Fire Protection Engineering. Fire Engineering. 2011. Web. Duval, Robert. NFPA case studies: nightclub fires. NFPA. 2006. Web. FEMA. U.S. Fire Administration. Emergency Incident Rehabilitation. 2008. Web. Gerber, James. Fire Prevention in the Wake of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire of 1911: the Role of Fire Chief Edward Croker. n.d. Web. Hasenmeier, Paul. The History of Firefighter Personal Protective Equipment. Fire Engineering. 2008. Web. Moulton, Robert. â€Å"Cocoanut Grove Night Club Fire Boston, MA November 28, 1942† NFPA Journal. (2000): 5-16. Web. NFPA. History of NFPA Codes and standards-making systems. n.d. Web. NYCOSH. Don’t mourn –organize: Lessons from the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire. 2011. Web. This research paper on Evolution of Fire Protection Codes was written and submitted by user Sarah Watson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.